tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-26010810441728666742024-03-13T03:04:22.008-07:00Capture the MO*MITCapture the MO*MIT - More Of MIT... It is important to venture back in time, to search for evidence of the role and experience of blacks since the Institute opened its doors in 1865. The project’s continuing objective is to place the black experience at MIT in its full and appropriate context, by researching and disseminating a varied set of materials and by exposing a larger community of interests — both inside and outside MIT — to this rich, historically significant legacy.
MIT Black Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12669346478373790213noreply@blogger.comBlogger47125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2601081044172866674.post-50631462069358756132023-07-17T02:03:00.000-07:002023-07-17T02:20:57.061-07:00“A Tragedy for Us All”: Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson’s Dissent<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal">The Nation<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">https://www.thenation.com/article/society/kbj-dissent-affirmative-action/<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">SOCIETY<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">JUNE 29, 2023</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">The justice did not mince words in her dissent of the
conservative supermajority’s decision striking down affirmative action in
college admissions.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">ASSOCIATE JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">KETANJI BROWN JACKSON<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiohLRZesVll91-L5oh-_BmHw2iZKWUxi8NSzx0-9rYju0UfN-P6q2ZXKfUJzfyJKEsG0o3HYqOhbo6bi6UGdeW6d8jV_VUI8XfyU7oOEcTLag6DcdhZ-Ihj7yAXSzGMVi42l0nuuRxqCpLl_IlaXgXpo7tHuCs6iBqgaTZeXOpytPoO4F7vDQ0zxdKFEOG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="564" data-original-width="896" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiohLRZesVll91-L5oh-_BmHw2iZKWUxi8NSzx0-9rYju0UfN-P6q2ZXKfUJzfyJKEsG0o3HYqOhbo6bi6UGdeW6d8jV_VUI8XfyU7oOEcTLag6DcdhZ-Ihj7yAXSzGMVi42l0nuuRxqCpLl_IlaXgXpo7tHuCs6iBqgaTZeXOpytPoO4F7vDQ0zxdKFEOG" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="credits" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-color: white; border-color: currentcolor; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #666666; font-family: "Ivar Text", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Ketanji Brown Jackson, associate justice of the US Supreme
Court, following a State of the Union address at the US Capitol on Feb. 7,
2023. (Photographer: Jacquelyn Martin / Bloomberg / AP)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal">In a devastating blow to the fight for racial justice in the
United States, the US Supreme Court on Friday eliminated affirmative action in
higher education. In her dissenting opinion, Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson
called out her conservative colleagues for “interfering with the crucial work
that UNC and other institutions of higher learning are doing to solve America’s
real-world problems.” Read her dissent in its entirety below.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Gulf-sized race-based gaps exist with respect to the health,
wealth, and well-being of American citizens. They were created in the distant
past, but have indisputably been passed down to the present day through the
generations. Every moment these gaps persist is a moment in which this great
country falls short of actualizing one of its foundational principles—the
“self-evident” truth that all of us are created equal. Yet, today, the Court
determines that holistic admissions programs like the one that the University
of North Carolina (UNC) has operated, consistent with Grutter v. Bollinger, 539
U. S. 306 (2003), are a problem with respect to achievement of that aspiration,
rather than a viable solution (as has long been evident to historians,
sociologists, and policymakers alike).<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Justice Sotomayor has persuasively established that nothing
in the Constitution or Title VI prohibits institutions from taking race into
account to ensure the racial diversity of admits in higher education. I join
her opinion without qualification. I write separately to expound upon the
universal benefits of considering race in this context, in response to a
suggestion that has permeated this legal action from the start. Students for
Fair Admissions (SFFA) has maintained, both subtly and overtly, that it is
unfair for a college’s admissions process to consider race as one factor in a
holistic review of its applicants.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">This contention blinks both history and reality in ways too
numerous to count. But the response is simple: Our country has never been colorblind.
Given the lengthy history of state-sponsored race-based preferences in America,
to say that anyone is now victimized if a college considers whether that legacy
of discrimination has unequally advantaged its applicants fails to acknowledge
the well-documented “intergenerational transmission of inequality” that still
plagues our citizenry.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">It is that inequality that admissions programs such as UNC’s
help to address, to the benefit of us all. Because the majority’s judgment
stunts that progress without any basis in law, history, logic, or justice, I
dissent.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">I A<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Imagine two college applicants from North Carolina, John and
James. Both trace their family’s North Carolina roots to the year of UNC’s
founding in 1789. Both love their State and want great things for its people.
Both want to honor their family’s legacy by attending the State’s flagship
educational institution. John, however, would be the seventh generation to
graduate from UNC. He is White. James would be the first; he is Black. Does the
race of these applicants properly play a role in UNC’s holistic merits-based
admissions process?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">To answer that question, “a page of history is worth a
volume of logic.” New York Trust Co. v. Eisner, 256 U. S. 345, 349 (1921). Many
chapters of America’s history appear necessary, given the opinions that my
colleagues in the majority have issued in this case.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Justice Thurgood Marshall recounted the genesis:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">“Three hundred and fifty years ago, the Negro was dragged to
this country in chains to be sold into slavery. Uprooted from his homeland and
thrust into bondage for forced labor, the slave was deprived of all legal
rights. It was unlawful to teach him to read; he could be sold away from his
family and friends at the whim of his master; and killing or maiming him was
not a crime. The system of slavery brutalized and dehumanized both master and
slave.” Regents of Univ. of Cal. v. Bakke, 438 U. S. 265, 387–388 (1978).<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Slavery should have been (and was to many) self-evidently
dissonant with our avowed founding principles. When the time came to resolve
that dissonance, eleven States chose slavery. With the Union’s survival at
stake, Frederick Douglass noted, Black Americans in the South “were almost the
only reliable friends the nation had,” and “but for their help . . . the Rebels
might have succeeded in breaking up the Union.” After the war, Senator John
Sherman defended the proposed Fourteenth Amendment in a manner that
encapsulated our Reconstruction Framers’ highest sentiments: “We are bound by
every obligation, by [Black Americans’] service on the battlefield, by their
heroes who are buried in our cause, by their patriotism in the hours that tried
our country, we are bound to protect them and all their natural rights.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">To uphold that promise, the Framers repudiated this Court’s
holding in Dred Scott v. Sandford, 19 How. 393 (1857), by crafting
Reconstruction Amendments (and associated legislation) that transformed our
Constitution and society. Even after this Second Founding—when the need to
right historical wrongs should have been clear beyond cavil—opponents insisted
that vindicating equality in this manner slighted White Americans. So, when the
Reconstruction Congress passed a bill to secure all citizens “the same [civil]
right[s]” as “enjoyed by white citizens,” 14 Stat. 27, President Andrew Johnson
vetoed it because it “discriminat[ed] . . . in favor of the negro.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">That attitude, and the Nation’s associated retreat from
Reconstruction, made prophesy out of Congressman Thaddeus Stevens’s fear that
“those States will all . . . keep up this discrimination, and crush to death
the hated freedmen.” And this Court facilitated that retrenchment. Not just in
Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U. S. 537 (1896), but “in almost every instance, the
Court chose to restrict the scope of the second founding.” Thus, thirteen years
pre-Plessy, in the Civil Rights Cases, 109 U. S. 3 (1883), our predecessors on
this Court invalidated Congress’s attempt to enforce the Reconstruction
Amendments via the Civil Rights Act of 1875, lecturing that “there must be some
stage . . . when [Black Americans] tak[e] the rank of a mere citizen, and
ceas[e] to be the special favorite of the laws.” Id., at 25. But Justice Harlan
knew better. He responded: “What the nation, through Congress, has sought to
accomplish in reference to [Black people] is—what had already been done in
every State of the Union for the white race—to secure and protect rights
belonging to them as freemen and citizens; nothing more.” Id., at 61
(dissenting opinion).<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Justice Harlan dissented alone. And the betrayal that this
Court enabled had concrete effects. Enslaved Black people had built great
wealth, but only for enslavers. No surprise, then, that freedmen leapt at the
chance to control their own labor and to build their own financial security.
Still, White southerners often “simply refused to sell land to blacks,” even
when not selling was economically foolish. To bolster private exclusion, States
sometimes passed laws forbidding such sales. The inability to build wealth
through that most American of means forced Black people into sharecropping
roles, where they somehow always tended to find themselves in debt to the
landowner when the growing season closed, with no hope of recourse against the
ever-present cooking of the books.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Sharecropping is but one example of race-linked obstacles
that the law (and private parties) laid down to hinder the progress and
prosperity of Black people. Vagrancy laws criminalized free Black men who
failed to work for White landlords. Many States barred freedmen from hunting or
fishing to ensure that they could not live without entering de facto
re-enslavement as sharecroppers. A cornucopia of laws (e.g., banning
hitchhiking, prohibiting encouraging a laborer to leave his employer, and
penalizing those who prompted Black southerners to migrate northward) ensured that
Black people could not freely seek better lives elsewhere. And when statutes
did not ensure compliance, state-sanctioned (and private) violence did.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Thus emerged Jim Crow—a system that was, as much as anything
else, a comprehensive scheme of economic exploitation to replace the Black
Codes, which themselves had replaced slavery’s form of comprehensive economic
exploitation. Meanwhile, as Jim Crow ossified, the Federal Government was
“giving away land” on the western frontier, and with it “the opportunity for
upward mobility and a more secure future,” over the 1862 Homestead Act’s
three-quarter-century tenure. Black people were exceedingly unlikely to be
allowed to share in those benefits, which by one calculation may have
advantaged approximately 46 million Americans living today.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Despite these barriers, Black people persisted. Their
so-called Great Migration northward accelerated during and after the First
World War. Like clockwork, American cities responded with racially exclusionary
zoning (and similar policies). As a result, Black migrants had to pay
disproportionately high prices for disproportionately subpar housing. Nor did
migration make it more likely for Black people to access home ownership, as
banks would not lend to Black people, and in the rare cases banks would fund
home loans, exorbitant interest rates were charged. With Black people still
locked out of the Homestead Act giveaway, it is no surprise that, when the
Great Depression arrived, race-based wealth, health, and opportunity gaps were
the norm.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Federal and State Governments’ selective intervention
further exacerbated the disparities. Consider, for example, the federal Home
Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC), created in 1933. HOLC purchased mortgages
threatened with foreclosure and issued new, amortized mortgages in their place.
Not only did this mean that recipients of these mortgages could gain equity
while paying off the loan, successful full payment would make the recipient a
homeowner. Ostensibly to identify (and avoid) the riskiest recipients, the HOLC
“created color-coded maps of every metropolitan area in the nation.” Green
meant safe; red meant risky. And, regardless of class, every neighborhood with
Black people earned the red designation.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Similarly, consider the Federal Housing Administration
(FHA), created in 1934, which insured highly desirable bank mortgages.
Eligibility for this insurance required an FHA appraisal of the property to
ensure a low default risk. But, nationwide, it was FHA’s established policy to
provide “no guarantees for mortgages to African Americans, or to whites who
might lease to African Americans,” irrespective of creditworthiness. No
surprise, then, that “[b]etween 1934 and 1968, 98 percent of FHA loans went to
white Americans,” with whole cities (ones that had a disproportionately large
number of Black people due to housing segregation) sometimes being deemed
ineligible for FHA intervention on racial grounds. The Veterans Administration
operated similarly.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">One more example: the Federal Home Loan Bank Board
“chartered, insured, and regulated savings and loan associations from the early
years of the New Deal.” But it did “not oppose the denial of mortgages to
African Americans until 1961” (and even then opposed discrimination
ineffectively).<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">The upshot of all this is that, due to government policy
choices, “[i]n the suburban-shaping years between 1930 and 1960, fewer than one
percent of all mortgages in the nation were issued to African Americans.” Thus,
based on their race, Black people were “[l]ocked out of the greatest mass-based
opportunity for wealth accumulation in American history.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">For present purposes, it is significant that, in so
excluding Black people, government policies affirmatively operated—one could
say, affirmatively acted—to dole out preferences to those who, if nothing else,
were not Black. Those past preferences carried forward and are reinforced today
by (among other things) the benefits that flow to homeowners and to the holders
of other forms of capital that are hard to obtain unless one already has
assets.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">This discussion of how the existing gaps were formed is
merely illustrative, not exhaustive. I will pass over Congress’s repeated
crafting of family-, worker-, and retiree-protective legislation to channel
benefits to White people, thereby excluding Black Americans from what was
otherwise “a revolution in the status of most working Americans.” I will also
skip how the G. I. Bill’s “creation of . . . middle-class America” (by giving
$95 billion to veterans and their families between 1944 and 1971) was
“deliberately designed to accommodate Jim Crow.” So, too, will I bypass how
Black people were prevented from partaking in the consumer credit market—a
market that helped White people who could access it build and protect wealth.
Nor will time and space permit my elaborating how local officials’ racial
hostility meant that even those benefits that Black people could formally
obtain were unequally distributed along racial lines. And I could not possibly
discuss every way in which, in light of this history, facially race-blind
policies still work race-based harms today (e.g., racially disparate tax-system
treatment; the disproportionate location of toxic-waste facilities in Black
communities; or the deliberate action of governments at all levels in designing
interstate highways to bisect and segregate Black urban communities).<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">The point is this: Given our history, the origin of
persistent race-linked gaps should be no mystery. It has never been a
deficiency of Black Americans’ desire or ability to, in Frederick Douglass’s
words, “stand on [their] own legs.” Rather, it was always simply what Justice
Harlan recognized 140 years ago—the persistent and pernicious denial of “what
had already been done in every State of the Union for the white race.” Civil
Rights Cases, 109 U. S., at 61 (dissenting opinion).<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">B<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">History speaks. In some form, it can be heard forever. The
race-based gaps that first developed centuries ago are echoes from the past
that still exist today. By all accounts, they are still stark.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Start with wealth and income. Just four years ago, in 2019,
Black families’ median wealth was approximately $24,000. For White families,
that number was approximately eight times as much (about $188,000). These
wealth disparities “exis[t] at every income and education level,” so, “[o]n
average, white families with college degrees have over $300,000 more wealth
than black families with college degrees.” This disparity has also accelerated
over time—from a roughly $40,000 gap between White and Black household median
net worth in 1993 to a roughly $135,000 gap in 2019. Median income numbers from
2019 tell the same story: $76,057 for White households, $98,174 for Asian
households, $56,113 for Latino households, and $45,438 for Black households.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">These financial gaps are unsurprising in light of the link
between home ownership and wealth. Today, as was true 50 years ago, Black home
ownership trails White home ownership by approximately 25 percentage points.
Moreover, Black Americans’ homes (relative to White Americans’) constitute a
greater percentage of household wealth, yet tend to be worth less, are subject
to higher effective property taxes, and generally lost more value in the Great
Recession.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">From those markers of social and financial unwellness flow
others. In most state flagship higher educational institutions, the percentage
of Black undergraduates is lower than the percentage of Black high school
graduates in that State. Black Americans in their late twenties are about half
as likely as their White counterparts to have college degrees. And because
lower family income and wealth force students to borrow more, those Black
students who do graduate college find themselves four years out with about
$50,000 in student debt—nearly twice as much as their White compatriots.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">As for postsecondary professional arenas, despite being
about 13% of the population, Black people make up only about 5% of lawyers.
Such disparity also appears in the business realm: Of the roughly 1,800 chief
executive officers to have appeared on the well-known Fortune 500 list, fewer
than 25 have been Black (as of 2022, only six are Black). Furthermore, as the
COVID–19 pandemic raged, Black-owned small businesses failed at dramatically
higher rates than White-owned small businesses, partly due to the
disproportionate denial of the forgivable loans needed to survive the economic
downturn.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Health gaps track financial ones. When tested, Black
children have blood lead levels that are twice the rate of White
children—“irreversible” contamination working irremediable harm on developing
brains. Black (and Latino) children with heart conditions are more likely to
die than their White counterparts. Race-linked mortality-rate disparity has
also persisted, and is highest among infants.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">So, too, for adults: Black men are twice as likely to die
from prostate cancer as White men and have lower 5-year cancer survival rates.
Uterine cancer has spiked in recent years among all women—but has spiked
highest for Black women, who die of uterine cancer at nearly twice the rate of
“any other racial or ethnic group.” Black mothers are up to four times more
likely than White mothers to die as a result of childbirth. And COVID killed
Black Americans at higher rates than White Americans.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">“Across the board, Black Americans experience the highest
rates of obesity, hypertension, maternal mortality, infant mortality, stroke,
and asthma.” These and other disparities—the predictable result of opportunity
disparities— lead to at least 50,000 excess deaths a year for Black Americans
vis-à-vis White Americans. That is 80 million excess years of life lost from
just 1999 through 2020.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Amici tell us that “race-linked health inequities pervad[e]
nearly every index of human health” resulting “in an overall reduced life
expectancy for racial and ethnic minorities that cannot be explained by
genetics.” Meanwhile—tying health and wealth together—while she lays dying, the
typical Black American “pay[s] more for medical care and incur[s] more medical
debt.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">C<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">We return to John and James now, with history in hand. It is
hardly John’s fault that he is the seventh generation to graduate from UNC. UNC
should permit him to honor that legacy. Neither, however, was it James’s (or
his family’s) fault that he would be the first. And UNC ought to be able to
consider why.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Most likely, seven generations ago, when John’s family was
building its knowledge base and wealth potential on the university’s campus,
James’s family was enslaved and laboring in North Carolina’s fields. Six
generations ago, the North Carolina “Redeemers” aimed to nullify the results of
the Civil War through terror and violence, marauding in hopes of excluding all
who looked like James from equal citizenship. Five generations ago, the North
Carolina Red Shirts finished the job. Four (and three) generations ago, Jim
Crow was so entrenched in the State of North Carolina that UNC “enforced its
own Jim Crow regulations.” Two generations ago, North Carolina’s Governor still
railed against “‘integration for integration’s sake’”—and UNC Black enrollment
was minuscule. So, at bare minimum, one generation ago, James’s family was six
generations behind because of their race, making John’s six generations ahead.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">These stories are not every student’s story. But they are
many students’ stories. To demand that colleges ignore race in today’s
admissions practices—and thus disregard the fact that racial disparities may
have mattered for where some applicants find themselves today—is not only an
affront to the dignity of those students for whom race matters. It also
condemns our society to never escape the past that explains how and why race
matters to the very concept of who “merits” admission.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Permitting (not requiring) colleges like UNC to assess merit
fully, without blinders on, plainly advances (not thwarts) the Fourteenth
Amendment’s core promise. UNC considers race as one of many factors in order to
best assess the entire unique import of John’s and James’s individual lives and
inheritances on an equal basis. Doing so involves acknowledging (not ignoring)
the seven generations’ worth of historical privileges and disadvantages that each
of these applicants was born with when his own life’s journey started a mere 18
years ago.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">II<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Recognizing all this, UNC has developed a holistic review
process to evaluate applicants for admission. Students must submit standardized
test scores and other conventional information. But applicants are not required
to submit demographic information like gender and race. UNC considers whatever
information each applicant submits using a non-exhaustive list of 40 criteria
grouped into eight categories: “academic performance, academic program,
standardized testing, extracurricular activity, special talent, essay criteria,
background, and personal criteria.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Drawing on those 40 criteria, a UNC staff member evaluating
John and James would consider, with respect to each, his “engagement outside
the classroom; persistence of commitment; demonstrated capacity for leadership;
contributions to family, school, and community; work history; [and his] unique
or unusual interests.” Relevant, too, would be his “relative advantage or
disadvantage, as indicated by family income level, education history of family
members, impact of parents/guardians in the home, or formal education
environment; experience of growing up in rural or center-city locations; [and
his] status as child or stepchild of Carolina alumni.” The list goes on. The
process is holistic, through and through.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">So where does race come in? According to UNC’s
admissions-policy document, reviewers may also consider “the race or ethnicity
of any student” (if that information is provided) in light of UNC’s interest in
diversity. And, yes, “the race or ethnicity of any student may—or may
not—receive a ‘plus’ in the evaluation process depending on the individual
circumstances revealed in the student’s application.” Stephen Farmer, the head
of UNC’s Office of Undergraduate Admissions, confirmed at trial (under oath)
that UNC’s admissions process operates in this fashion.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Thus, to be crystal clear: Every student who chooses to
disclose his or her race is eligible for such a race-linked plus, just as any
student who chooses to disclose his or her unusual interests can be credited
for what those interests might add to UNC. The record supports no intimation to
the contrary. Eligibility is just that; a plus is never automatically awarded,
never considered in numerical terms, and never automatically results in an
offer of admission. There are no race-based quotas in UNC’s holistic review
process. In fact, during the admissions cycle, the school prevents anyone who
knows the overall racial makeup of the admitted student pool from reading any
applications.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">More than that, every applicant is also eligible for a
diversity-linked plus (beyond race) more generally. And, notably, UNC
understands diversity broadly, including “socioeconomic status,
first-generation college status . . . political beliefs, religious beliefs . .
. diversity of thoughts, experiences, ideas, and talents.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">A plus, by its nature, can certainly matter to an admissions
case. But make no mistake: When an applicant chooses to disclose his or her
race, UNC treats that aspect of identity on par with other aspects of applicants’
identity that affect who they are (just like, say, where one grew up, or
medical challenges one has faced). And race is considered alongside any other
factor that sheds light on what attributes applicants will bring to the campus
and whether they are likely to excel once there. A reader of today’s majority
opinion could be forgiven for misunderstanding how UNC’s program really works,
or for missing that, under UNC’s holistic review process, a White student could
receive a diversity plus while a Black student might not.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">UNC does not do all this to provide handouts to either John
or James. It does this to ascertain who among its tens of thousands of
applicants has the capacity to take full advantage of the opportunity to
attend, and contribute to, this prestigious institution, and thus merits
admission. And UNC has concluded that ferreting this out requires understanding
the full person, which means taking seriously not just SAT scores or whether
the applicant plays the trumpet, but also any way in which the applicant’s
race-linked experience bears on his capacity and merit. In this way, UNC is
able to value what it means for James, whose ancestors received no race-based
advantages, to make himself competitive for admission to a flagship school nevertheless.
Moreover, recognizing this aspect of James’s story does not preclude UNC from
valuing John’s legacy or any obstacles that his story reflects.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">So, to repeat: UNC’s program permits, but does not require,
admissions officers to value both John’s and James’s love for their State,
their high schools’ rigor, and whether either has overcome obstacles that are
indicative of their “persistence of commitment.” It permits, but does not
require, them to value John’s identity as a child of UNC alumni (or, perhaps,
if things had turned out differently, as a first-generation White student from
Appalachia whose family struggled to make ends meet during the Great
Recession). And it permits, but does not require, them to value James’s
race—not in the abstract, but as an element of who he is, no less than his love
for his State, his high school courses, and the obstacles he has overcome.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Understood properly, then, what SFFA caricatures as an
unfair race-based preference cashes out, in a holistic system, to a personalized
assessment of the advantages and disadvantages that every applicant might have
received by accident of birth plus all that has happened to them since. It
ensures a full accounting of everything that bears on the individual’s
resilience and likelihood of enhancing the UNC campus. It also forecasts his
potential for entering the wider world upon graduation and making a meaningful
contribution to the larger, collective, societal goal that the Equal Protection
Clause embodies (its guarantee that the United States of America offers
genuinely equal treatment to every person, regardless of race).<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Furthermore, and importantly, the fact that UNC’s holistic
process ensures a full accounting makes it far from clear that any particular
applicant of color will finish ahead of any particular non-minority applicant.
For example, as the District Court found, a higher percentage of the most
academically excellent in-state Black candidates (as SFFA’s expert defined
academic excellence) were denied admission than similarly qualified White and
Asian American applicants. That, if nothing else, is indicative of a genuinely
holistic process; it is evidence that, both in theory and in practice, UNC
recognizes that race—like any other aspect of a person—may bear on where both John
and James start the admissions relay, but will not fully determine whether
either eventually crosses the finish line.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">III<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">A</p><p class="MsoNormal">The majority seems to think that race blindness solves the
problem of race-based disadvantage. But the irony is that requiring colleges to
ignore the initial race-linked opportunity gap between applicants like John and
James will inevitably widen that gap, not narrow it. It will delay the day that
every American has an equal opportunity to thrive, regardless of race.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">SFFA similarly asks us to consider how much longer UNC will
be able to justify considering race in its admissions process. Whatever the
answer to that question was yesterday, today’s decision will undoubtedly extend
the duration of our country’s need for such race consciousness, because the
justification for admissions programs that account for race is inseparable from
the race-linked gaps in health, wealth, and well-being that still exist in our
society (the closure of which today’s decision will forestall).<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">To be sure, while the gaps are stubborn and pernicious,
Black people, and other minorities, have generally been doing better. But those
improvements have only been made possible because institutions like UNC have
been willing to grapple forthrightly with the burdens of history. SFFA’s
complaint about the “indefinite” use of race-conscious admissions programs,
then, is a non sequitur. These programs respond to deep-rooted, objectively
measurable problems; their definite end will be when we succeed, together, in
solving those problems.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Accordingly, while there are many perversities of today’s
judgment, the majority’s failure to recognize that programs like UNC’s carry
with them the seeds of their own destruction is surely one of them. The
ultimate goal of recognizing James’s full story and (potentially) admitting him
to UNC is to give him the necessary tools to contribute to closing the equity
gaps discussed in Part I, supra, so that he, his progeny—and therefore all
Americans—can compete without race mattering in the future. That
intergenerational project is undeniably a worthy one.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">In addition, and notably, that end is not fully achieved
just because James is admitted. Schools properly care about preventing racial
isolation on campus because research shows that it matters for students’
ability to learn and succeed while in college if they live and work with at
least some other people who look like them and are likely to have similar
experiences related to that shared characteristic. Equally critical, UNC’s
program ensures that students who don’t share the same stories (like John and
James) will interact in classes and on campus, and will thereby come to
understand each other’s stories, which amici tell us improves cognitive
abilities and critical-thinking skills, reduces prejudice, and better prepares
students for postgraduate life.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Beyond campus, the diversity that UNC pursues for the
betterment of its students and society is not a trendy slogan. It saves lives.
For marginalized communities in North Carolina, it is critically important that
UNC and other area institutions produce highly educated professionals of color.
Research shows that Black physicians are more likely to accurately assess Black
patients’ pain tolerance and treat them accordingly (including, for example,
prescribing them appropriate amounts of pain medication). For high-risk Black
newborns, having a Black physician more than doubles the likelihood that the
baby will live, and not die. Studies also confirm what common sense counsels:
Closing wealth disparities through programs like UNC’s—which, beyond
diversifying the medical profession, open doors to every sort of
opportunity—helps address the aforementioned health disparities (in the long
run) as well.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Do not miss the point that ensuring a diverse student body
in higher education helps everyone, not just those who, due to their race, have
directly inherited distinct disadvantages with respect to their health, wealth,
and wellbeing. Amici explain that students of every race will come to have a
greater appreciation and understanding of civic virtue, democratic values, and
our country’s commitment to equality. The larger economy benefits, too: When it
comes down to the brass tacks of dollars and cents, ensuring diversity will, if
permitted to work, help save hundreds of billions of dollars annually (by
conservative estimates).<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Thus, we should be celebrating the fact that UNC, once a
stronghold of Jim Crow, has now come to understand this. The flagship
educational institution of a former Confederate State has embraced its
constitutional obligation to afford genuine equal protection to applicants,
and, by extension, to the broader polity that its students will serve after
graduation. Surely that is progress for a university that once engaged in the
kind of patently offensive race-dominated admissions process that the majority
decries.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">With its holistic review process, UNC now treats race as
merely one aspect of an applicant’s life, when race played a totalizing,
all-encompassing, and singularly determinative role for applicants like James
for most of this country’s history: No matter what else was true about him,
being Black meant he had no shot at getting in (the ultimate race-linked uneven
playing field). Holistic programs like UNC’s reflect the reality that Black
students have only relatively recently been permitted to get into the
admissions game at all. Such programs also reflect universities’ clear-eyed
optimism that, one day, race will no longer matter.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">So much upside. Universal benefits ensue from holistic
admissions programs that allow consideration of all factors material to merit
(including race), and that thereby facilitate diverse student populations. Once
trained, those UNC students who have thrived in the university’s diverse learning
environment are well equipped to make lasting contributions in a variety of
realms and with a variety of colleagues, which, in turn, will steadily decrease
the salience of race for future generations. Fortunately, UNC and other
institutions of higher learning are already on this beneficial path. In fact,
all that they have needed to continue moving this country forward (toward full
achievement of our Nation’s founding promises) is for this Court to get out of
the way and let them do their jobs. To our great detriment, the majority cannot
bring itself to do so.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">B<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">The overarching reason the majority gives for becoming an
impediment to racial progress—that its own conception of the Fourteenth
Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause leaves it no other option—has a wholly
self-referential, two-dimensional flatness. The majority and concurring
opinions rehearse this Court’s idealistic vision of racial equality, from Brown
forward, with appropriate lament for past indiscretions. See, e.g., ante, at
11. But the race-linked gaps that the law (aided by this Court) previously
founded and fostered—which indisputably define our present reality—are
strangely absent and do not seem to matter.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">With let-them-eat-cake obliviousness, today, the majority
pulls the ripcord and announces “colorblindness for all” by legal fiat. But
deeming race irrelevant in law does not make it so in life. And having so
detached itself from this country’s actual past and present experiences, the
Court has now been lured into interfering with the crucial work that UNC and
other institutions of higher learning are doing to solve America’s real-world
problems.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">No one benefits from ignorance. Although formal race-linked
legal barriers are gone, race still matters to the lived experiences of all
Americans in innumerable ways, and today’s ruling makes things worse, not
better. The best that can be said of the majority’s perspective is that it
proceeds (ostrich-like) from the hope that preventing consideration of race
will end racism. But if that is its motivation, the majority proceeds in vain.
If the colleges of this country are required to ignore a thing that matters, it
will not just go away. It will take longer for racism to leave us. And,
ultimately, ignoring race just makes it matter more.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">The only way out of this morass—for all of us—is to stare at
racial disparity unblinkingly, and then do what evidence and experts tell us is
required to level the playing field and march forward together, collectively
striving to achieve true equality for all Americans. It is no small irony that
the judgment the majority hands down today will forestall the end of race-based
disparities in this country, making the colorblind world the majority wistfully
touts much more difficult to accomplish.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">* * *<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">As the Civil War neared its conclusion, General William T.
Sherman and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton convened a meeting of Black leaders
in Savannah, Georgia. During the meeting, someone asked Garrison Frazier, the
group’s spokesperson, what “freedom” meant to him. He answered, “‘placing us
where we could reap the fruit of our own labor, and take care of ourselves . .
. to have land, and turn it and till it by our own labor.’”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Today’s gaps exist because that freedom was denied far
longer than it was ever afforded. Therefore, as Justice Sotomayor correctly and
amply explains, UNC’s holistic review program pursues a righteous
end—legitimate “‘because it is defined by the Constitution itself. The end is
the maintenance of freedom.’” Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co., 392 U. S. 409,
443–444 (1968) (quoting Cong. Globe, 39th Cong., 1st Sess., 1118 (1866) (Rep.
Wilson)).<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Viewed from this perspective, beleaguered admissions
programs such as UNC’s are not pursuing a patently unfair, ends-justified ideal
of a multiracial democracy at all. Instead, they are engaged in an earnest
effort to secure a more functional one. The admissions rubrics they have
constructed now recognize that an individual’s “merit”—his ability to succeed
in an institute of higher learning and ultimately contribute something to our
society—cannot be fully determined without understanding that individual in
full. There are no special favorites here.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">UNC has thus built a review process that more accurately
assesses merit than most of the admissions programs that have existed since
this country’s founding. Moreover, in so doing, universities like UNC create
pathways to upward mobility for long excluded and historically disempowered
racial groups. Our Nation’s history more than justifies this course of action.
And our present reality indisputably establishes that such programs are still
needed—for the general public good—because after centuries of state-sanctioned
(and enacted) race discrimination, the aforementioned intergenerational
race-based gaps in health, wealth, and well-being stubbornly persist.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Rather than leaving well enough alone, today, the majority
is having none of it. Turning back the clock (to a time before the legal
arguments and evidence establishing the soundness of UNC’s holistic admissions
approach existed), the Court indulges those who either do not know our Nation’s
history or long to repeat it. Simply put, the race-blind admissions stance the
Court mandates from this day forward is unmoored from critical real-life
circumstances. Thus, the Court’s meddling not only arrests the noble
generational project that America’s universities are attempting, it also
launches, in effect, a dismally misinformed sociological experiment.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Time will reveal the results. Yet the Court’s own missteps
are now both eternally memorialized and excruciatingly plain. For one
thing—based, apparently, on nothing more than Justice Powell’s initial say
so—it drastically discounts the primary reason that the racial-diversity
objectives it excoriates are needed, consigning race-related historical
happenings to the Court’s own analytical dustbin. Also, by latching onto
arbitrary timelines and professing insecurity about missing metrics, the Court
sidesteps unrefuted proof of the compelling benefits of holistic admissions
programs that factor in race (hard to do, for there is plenty), simply
proceeding as if no such evidence exists. Then, ultimately, the Court surges to
vindicate equality, but Don Quixote style—pitifully perceiving itself as the
sole vanguard of legal high ground when, in reality, its perspective is not
constitutionally compelled and will hamper the best judgments of our
world-class educational institutions about who they need to bring onto their
campuses right now to benefit every American, no matter their race.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">The Court has come to rest on the bottom-line conclusion
that racial diversity in higher education is only worth potentially preserving
insofar as it might be needed to prepare Black Americans and other
underrepresented minorities for success in the bunker, not the boardroom (a
particularly awkward place to land, in light of the history the majority opts
to ignore). It would be deeply unfortunate if the Equal Protection Clause
actually demanded this perverse, ahistorical, and counterproductive outcome. To
impose this result in that Clause’s name when it requires no such thing, and to
thereby obstruct our collective progress toward the full realization of the
Clause’s promise, is truly a tragedy for us all. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.thenation.com/article/society/kbj-dissent-affirmative-action/">https://www.thenation.com/article/society/kbj-dissent-affirmative-action/</a><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Submit a correction Reprints & permissions<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Ketanji Brown Jackson<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">**********************************************************************</p><p class="MsoNormal">Ketanji Brown Jackson is an associate
justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="credits" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-color: white; border-color: currentcolor; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #666666; font-family: "Ivar Text", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="credits" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-color: white; border-color: currentcolor; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #666666; font-family: "Ivar Text", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic;"><br /></span></p>MIT Black Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12669346478373790213noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2601081044172866674.post-13358377427585832542023-06-28T15:07:00.010-07:002023-08-16T10:53:14.251-07:00Professor James H. Williams, Jr. SoundCloud Interview <p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixn88IYLKIYW4azxw59yi_S_5_eUlIW0MoSpvekAtWdBa7oWmSHbDQNW4P4rM8EFDc6twICshPqkd6V2L-KvfIHZgwWezKG1BjvT7Gf55ybnt-YN7vZH8tHlaM06RhaceLlCu_1Iu6Dyetu9ZwNAbS67JhQknXiEGjRz3veBR2cI5SuQzPsVi3p3b4VRo_/s2048/james-h-williams-jr-2048x1496.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1496" data-original-width="2048" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixn88IYLKIYW4azxw59yi_S_5_eUlIW0MoSpvekAtWdBa7oWmSHbDQNW4P4rM8EFDc6twICshPqkd6V2L-KvfIHZgwWezKG1BjvT7Gf55ybnt-YN7vZH8tHlaM06RhaceLlCu_1Iu6Dyetu9ZwNAbS67JhQknXiEGjRz3veBR2cI5SuQzPsVi3p3b4VRo_/s320/james-h-williams-jr-2048x1496.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Please Click below to experience the Audio</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Professor James H. Williams, Jr.</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://soundcloud.com/mitblackhistory/professor-james-h-williams-technology-and-dream-interview" target="_blank">SoundCloud Audio Presentation Link</a></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: times;">Edited and excerpted from oral history
interviews conducted by Clarence G. Williams with James H. Williams, Jr., in
Cambridge, Massachusetts, 25 April and 6 August 1996.</span><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: Aharoni;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p></div><p class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 107%;">Professor
James H. Williams, Jr.<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bembo",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Bembo; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">SB 1967 and SM 1968 (Mechanical
Engineering) MIT, PhD 1970 (Mechanical Engineering) Cambridge University; from Apprentice
Machinist to Senior Design Engineer, Newport News Shipyard, 1960-1970; joined
the MIT faculty in 1970; Professor of Mechanical Engineering, 1981- and
continuing ; School of Engineering Professor of Teaching Excellence, 1991- and
continuing; Charles F. Hopewell Faculty Fellow, 1993- and continuing ; member, Task
Force on Educational Opportunity, 1971-1972; recipient numerous awards,
including Everett Moore Baker Award for Outstanding Undergraduate Teaching,
1973; J. P. Den Hartog Distinguished Educator Award, 1981; Edison Man of the Year
Award, 1993.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bembo",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Bembo; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"></p><p class="MsoNormal">Technology and the Dream: Reflections on the Black
Experience at MIT, 1941–1999</p><p class="MsoNormal">By Dr. Clarence G. Williams</p><p class="MsoNormal">The MIT Press DOI: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/6689.001.0001</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">ISBN electronic:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>9780262286305<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Publication date: 2001</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Transcripts of more than seventy-five oral history
interviews in which the interviewees assess their MIT experience and reflect on
the role of blacks at MIT and beyond.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This book grew out of the endeavors of MIT Black History,
whose mission is to document the black presence at MIT. The main body of the
text consists of transcripts of more than seventy-five oral history interviews,
in which the interviewees assess their MIT experience and reflect on the role
of blacks at MIT and beyond. Although most of the interviewees are present or
former students, black faculty, administrators, and staff are also represented,
as are nonblack faculty and administrators who have had an impact on blacks at
MIT. The interviewees were selected with an eye to presenting the broadest
range of issues and personalities, as well as a representative cross section by
time period and category.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Each interviewee was asked to discuss family background;
education; role models and mentors; experiences of racism and race-related
issues; choice of field and career; goals; adjustment to the MIT environment;
best and worst MIT experiences; experience with MIT support services;
relationships with MIT students, faculty, and staff; advice to present or
potential MIT students; and advice to the MIT administration. A recurrent theme
is that MIT's rigorous teaching instills the confidence to deal with just about
any hurdle in professional life, and that an MIT degree opens many doors and
supplies instant credibility.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Each interview includes biographical notes and pictures. The
book also includes a general introduction, a glossary, and appendixes
describing the project's methodology.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;">MIT Black History</span><o:p></o:p></p></div>MIT Black Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12669346478373790213noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2601081044172866674.post-46359073428267738702023-06-24T09:36:00.013-07:002023-08-14T06:43:32.807-07:00Professor James H. Williams Jr. - Wikipedia <div class="vector-body-before-content" style="background-color: white; overflow: hidden;"><div class="noprint" id="siteSub" style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px; margin-top: 8px;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRRbo0gjLTDjNnCIZ-Ukg9rWXFGn8Rxx4uGDs_22YsIrppXsCBQhodL2ZDljSmwtHgtmmwmeLrrLTcDl7Opj0fDn9fQboEubx3PIp-zzlHl7FL0jIQcH-1ZyscA8hlWdR13a19Tk59zIKxavEYXKzChE13IlwGXkTz_J75JgjCPCBUnSEkgxyFfS6pXN_x/s900/MIT-Williams-01_5.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="597" data-original-width="900" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRRbo0gjLTDjNnCIZ-Ukg9rWXFGn8Rxx4uGDs_22YsIrppXsCBQhodL2ZDljSmwtHgtmmwmeLrrLTcDl7Opj0fDn9fQboEubx3PIp-zzlHl7FL0jIQcH-1ZyscA8hlWdR13a19Tk59zIKxavEYXKzChE13IlwGXkTz_J75JgjCPCBUnSEkgxyFfS6pXN_x/w398-h264/MIT-Williams-01_5.jpg" width="398" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="background-color: white; margin-top: 16px;"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; color: #202122; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_H._Williams_Jr.,_du_Pont_Court,_MIT.jpg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2467" data-file-width="3377" decoding="async" height="161" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/James_H._Williams_Jr.%2C_du_Pont_Court%2C_MIT.jpg/220px-James_H._Williams_Jr.%2C_du_Pont_Court%2C_MIT.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/James_H._Williams_Jr.%2C_du_Pont_Court%2C_MIT.jpg/330px-James_H._Williams_Jr.%2C_du_Pont_Court%2C_MIT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/James_H._Williams_Jr.%2C_du_Pont_Court%2C_MIT.jpg/440px-James_H._Williams_Jr.%2C_du_Pont_Court%2C_MIT.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_H._Williams_Jr.,_du_Pont_Court,_MIT.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #3366cc; display: block; height: 11px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; text-wrap: nowrap; user-select: none; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Professor James H. Williams Jr. in Du Pont Court, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, USA, November 2000.</div></div></div><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><b>James Henry Williams Jr.</b><span style="font-size: 14px;"> is a mechanical engineer, consultant, civic commentator, and teacher of engineering. He is currently Professor of Applied Mechanics in the Mechanical Engineering Department at the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)</a><span style="font-size: 14px;">. He is regarded as one of the world's leading experts in the mechanics, design, fabrication, and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondestructive_testing" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nondestructive testing">nondestructive evaluation (NDE)</a><span style="font-size: 14px;"> of nonmetallic </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-reinforced_composite" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fiber-reinforced composite">fiber reinforced composite</a><span style="font-size: 14px;"> materials and structures. He is also Professor of Writing and Humanistic Studies at MIT.</span></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Williams began his career in 1960 as an apprentice machinist at the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_News_Shipbuilding_and_Dry_Dock_Company" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company">Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company</a>. Within eight years he graduated from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Apprentice_School" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Apprentice School">The Apprentice School</a>, earned SB and SM engineering degrees from MIT, and returned to the Shipyard as a senior design engineer. Within another two years, he earned a PhD from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, where he conducted theoretical elasticity and shell theory. He then chose to join the faculty at MIT, where he has spent the bulk of his career.</p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><br /></span></p><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;">Photos courtesy of the MIT Department of Mechanical
Engineering<br /></span><span style="color: #202122; font-size: 9.5pt;">References From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia <br /></span><span style="color: #202122; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Organized and reviewed by the MIT Black History Team for
reference review only. </span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #202122; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.</a></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span id="Early_life.2C_education.2C_and_industrial_career"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life,_education,_and_industrial_career"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Early Life, Education, and Industrial Career</span></span></h2><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Williams was born in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Newport News, Virginia">Newport News, Virginia</a>, where he attended the segregated public schools. He was a rambunctious, "hell-raising" student who never took a textbook home. Still, Williams's brilliance was recognized by some of his teachers who permitted him to read whatever he chose while in school and devised especially difficult tests for him, independent of his classmates. Along with one or more of his teachers, he would also occasionally make up and grade the quizzes of his classmates. He went on to win statewide prizes in mathematics and science. He was also featured as a flutist in his high school band, and as an underclassman earned first chair in the all-state concert band.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw011_1-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw011-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw018_2-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw018-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><br /></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">In 1960, Williams was among the earliest African-Americans admitted to the selective Newport News Shipyard Apprentice School. It attracts an average of about 4500 applications per year for approximately 250 openings, with some of the applicants having earned bachelor's degrees.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwAA_3-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwAA-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw019_4-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw019-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> Williams is often regarded as the top academic student in the century-long history of the Apprentice School. In 1961 he won the Charles F. Bailey Bronze Medal (for the highest academic record by a first-year apprentice); in 1962, the Charles F. Bailey Silver Medal (highest academic record by a second-year apprentice); and, in 1963, the Charles F. Bailey Gold Medal (highest academic record by a third-year apprentice). Furthermore, in 1963 the Shipyard chose to award him a four-year full <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer_L._Ferguson" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Homer L. Ferguson">Homer L. Ferguson</a> Scholarship to MIT. Throughout his years as a student at MIT, he consistently returned to the Shipyard during vacations and summers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw011_1-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw011-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw018_2-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw018-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwAAA_5-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwAAA-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><br /></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">In 1965, the Apprentice School awarded Williams the five-year diploma of Mechanical Designer. In 1967, he graduated from MIT with an SB in mechanical engineering, and after completing his SM in mechanical engineering in the winter of 1968, Williams returned to the Shipyard. During that period, he performed a range of mechanics calculations on the catapults, arrester cables, and power and propulsion systems of the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Nimitz" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="USS Nimitz">USS <i>Nimitz</i> (CVN-68)</a>. During this same period, he held the title of Senior Design Engineer and was the only black among the hundreds of engineers at the Shipyard. In the fall of 1968, Williams entered the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College</a>) in England, earned the PhD in engineering, and returned to America to the mechanical engineering faculty of MIT in 1970.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw001_6-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw001-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw011_1-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw011-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw017_7-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw017-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw018_2-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw018-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><br /></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; margin-right: 0.25em;">Teaching</span></h2><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Throughout his MIT career, Williams has been repeatedly acclaimed and honored with numerous awards.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw006_8-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw006-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwFF_9-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwFF-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw017_7-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw017-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwII1_10-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwII1-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwII2_11-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwII2-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwII3_12-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwII3-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwCC_13-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwCC-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwWF3_14-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwWF3-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwWF8_15-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwWF8-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwTT00_16-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwTT00-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup> His teaching awards at MIT include:</p><ul style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">1973: Everett Moore Baker Memorial Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching (Top MIT teaching prize awarded solely by students; he was the <i>first</i> Mechanical Engineering professor to receive this award.)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">1981: Jacob P. Den Hartog Distinguished Educator Award (Top teaching award in the Mechanical Engineering Department at MIT; he received the <i>inaugural</i> award.)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">1991: School of Engineering Professor of Teaching Excellence (He was the <i>inaugural</i> occupant of this MIT chair.)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">1993: MacVicar Faculty Fellow (Top MIT teaching prize awarded through MIT's executive administration for undergraduate education, requiring broad faculty and student endorsements; he was the <i>first</i> Mechanical Engineering professor to receive this award.)</li></ul><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Having served as the first Housemaster of MIT's undergraduate dormitory New West Campus Houses and having supervised more than 100 research theses, Williams is a highly regarded mentor of both undergraduate and graduate students.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwFF_9-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwFF-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwII3_12-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwII3-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw020_17-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw020-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwEE_18-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwEE-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwII4_19-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwII4-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwII5_20-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwII5-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwT55_21-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwT55-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwWF4_22-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwWF4-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwWF9_23-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwWF9-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwWF10_24-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwWF10-24" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwXX_25-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwXX-25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><br /></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Consulting"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Research</span></span></h2><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">In the early 1970s, Williams sought to better understand the emerging carbon fiber reinforced polymeric composite materials, which were being touted as new materials to elevate the mechanical performance of structures. (Today, these materials are used in fighter and commercial aircraft, automobiles, ships, golf clubs, tennis racquets, and myriad other structures.) One of the major manufacturers of these new materials had observed that newly fabricated structures built from them had unacceptably high variabilities, resulting in structures of low reliability. Williams was retained as a consultant to determine why.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw011_1-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw011-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw016_26-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw016-26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup> In addition, Williams's efforts were recognized by both industry and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> and he was selected, through a university-industrial program, to spend the summer of 1974 at a major composites manufacturing facility.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwWF11_27-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwWF11-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><br /></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Williams soon realized that the unpredictability of the materials' properties was due to undetected flaws or damage within the materials as a consequence of either improper fabrication or handling, as well as the selection of the various constituents. When he examined the technical and research literature on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondestructive_testing" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nondestructive testing">nondestructive testing</a> (NDT) to find and characterize the flaws in those materials, he found very little. Moreover, the NDT results that he found generally related to metals, and most of them were qualitative. Then, in 1974, Williams founded the Composite Materials and Nondestructive Evaluation Laboratory in MIT's Mechanical Engineering Department. (He preferred the term "nondestructive evaluation" to the more common term of "nondestructive testing" to emphasize his interests in the broad structural behavior of materials even in the absence of macroscopic flaws.)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw011_1-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw011-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw016_26-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw016-26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><br /></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">With his advanced facilities in applied mathematics and experienced insights in mechanical design, Williams sought—and his subsequent career is distinguished by—quantitative analyses and characterizations of composite materials' properties and residual life based on a combination of nondestructive measurements and theoretical mechanics. Such quantitative analyses and materials characterizations have elevated the field of nondestructive testing and increased the reliable use of composite materials and structures.</p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><br /></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Williams has subsequently compiled an extensive list of research and consulting results—in several instances, groundbreaking "firsts"—in the design, fabrication, strength analysis, residual strength, fatigue life, and NDE of fiber reinforced composite materials and structures. As an industrial and governmental consultant and through his MIT Lab with his research students, he advanced the understanding of modern composite materials and structures, as well as the systems for experimentally testing them.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwWF1_28-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwWF1-28" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwWF12_29-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwWF12-29" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwWF13_30-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwWF13-30" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup> Among many achievements, he (1) conducted the theoretical stress analyses of isotropic and anisotropic shells subjected to symmetric and asymmetric loads;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw021_31-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw021-31" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw022_32-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw022-32" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw023_33-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw023-33" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw024_34-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw024-34" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[34]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw025_35-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw025-35" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup> (2) produced the first quantitative correlations for the solid-particle erosion of carbon fiber polymeric composites;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw026_36-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw026-36" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup> (3) conducted the stress analyses of adhesively bonded joints in composites;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw027_37-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw027-37" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[37]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw028_38-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw028-38" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup> (4) analyzed the enhancement of composite properties by the introduction of thermoplastic microstructures;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw029_39-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw029-39" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw030_40-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw030-40" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[40]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw031_41-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw031-41" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[41]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw032_42-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw032-42" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[42]</a></sup> (5) conducted the elastic and plastic acoustic emission monitoring of materials and structures, including structural bridge steels;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw033_43-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw033-43" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[43]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw034_44-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw034-44" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw035_45-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw035-45" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[45]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw036_46-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw036-46" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[46]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw037_47-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw037-47" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[47]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw038_48-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw038-48" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw039_49-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw039-49" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[49]</a></sup> (6) established the forefront of the quantitative thermographic analyses of composite materials and structures;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw042_50-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw042-50" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[50]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw043_51-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw043-51" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[51]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw044_52-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw044-52" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[52]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw045_53-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw045-53" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[53]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw046_54-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw046-54" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw047_55-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw047-55" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[55]</a></sup> (7) theoretically predicted and experimentally demonstrated the input-output signatures of ultrasonic transducers;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw048_56-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw048-56" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[56]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw049_57-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw049-57" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[57]</a></sup> (8) hypothesized and then produced the first ultrasonic wave–fatigue life correlations of as-fabricated composites;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw050_58-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw050-58" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[58]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw051_59-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw051-59" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[59]</a></sup> (9) hypothesized and then produced the first ultrasonic wave–residual strength correlations of impact-damaged composites;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw052_60-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw052-60" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[60]</a></sup> (10) performed theoretical and applied ultrasonics of metals with and without macroscopic cracks, including a focus on structural bridge steels;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw049_57-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw049-57" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[57]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw053_61-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw053-61" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[61]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw054_62-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw054-62" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[62]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw055_63-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw055-63" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[63]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw056_64-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw056-64" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[64]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw057_65-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw057-65" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[65]</a></sup> (11) performed theoretical and applied ultrasonics of composites;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw048_56-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw048-56" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[56]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw059_66-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw059-66" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[66]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw060_67-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw060-67" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[67]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw061_68-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw061-68" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[68]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw062_69-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw062-69" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[69]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw063_70-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw063-70" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[70]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw064_71-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw064-71" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[71]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw066_72-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw066-72" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[72]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw067_73-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw067-73" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[73]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw068_74-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw068-74" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[74]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw069_75-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw069-75" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[75]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw070_76-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw070-76" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[76]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw071_77-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw071-77" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[77]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw072_78-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw072-78" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[78]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw073_79-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw073-79" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[79]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw074_80-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw074-80" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup> (12) conducted theoretical and experimental dynamic fracture of composite materials and structures;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw075_81-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw075-81" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[81]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw076_82-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw076-82" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[82]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw077_83-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw077-83" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[83]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw078_84-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw078-84" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[84]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw079_85-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw079-85" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[85]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw080_86-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw080-86" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[86]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw081_87-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw081-87" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[87]</a></sup> (13) performed theoretical analyses of wave propagation in anisotropic media as related to composite materials and structures;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwJJ1_88-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwJJ1-88" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[88]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwJJ2_89-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwJJ2-89" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[89]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwJJ3_90-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwJJ3-90" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[90]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwJJ4_91-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwJJ4-91" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[91]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwJJ5_92-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwJJ5-92" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[92]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwJJ6_93-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwJJ6-93" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[93]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwJJ7_94-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwJJ7-94" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[94]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwJJ8_95-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwJJ8-95" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[95]</a></sup> (14) developed statistical pattern recognition concepts for NDE;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw082_96-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw082-96" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[96]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw083_97-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw083-97" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[97]</a></sup> (15) devised strategies for the residual life prediction of composite aircraft structures;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw084_98-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw084-98" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[98]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw085_99-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw085-99" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[99]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw086_100-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw086-100" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[100]</a></sup> and (16) developed acoustic emission and ultrasonic versus load correlations for synthetic braided mooring lines and composite tension legs for offshore deepwater platforms.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw087_101-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw087-101" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[101]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw088_102-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw088-102" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[102]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw089_103-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw089-103" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[103]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw090_104-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw090-104" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[104]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><br /></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">For the decade up to 2012, he and his research students have focused on the structural integrity damage assessment and repair of modern composites, with an emphasis on naval structures; and he continues to write sole-author documents on a range of technical topics, including several of the areas mentioned above, mechanical vibration and shock mitigation, and biomimetics.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw001_6-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw001-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">From the mid-1970s to the early 2000s, Williams also (1) conducted theoretical analyses on the earthquake isolation of buildings and structures by devising the highly unconventional concept of supporting them on sliding foundations;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw091_105-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw091-105" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[105]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwLL1_106-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwLL1-106" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[106]</a></sup> (2) developed wave-like analyses of the dynamics and control of large space structures for earth-orbiting structural systems;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw092_107-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw092-107" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[107]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw093_108-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw093-108" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[108]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw094_109-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw094-109" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[109]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw095_110-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw095-110" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[110]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw096_111-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw096-111" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[111]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw097_112-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw097-112" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[112]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw098_113-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw098-113" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[113]</a></sup> and (3) performed numerous major governmental and industrial consultations, as briefly described below.</p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><br /></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">By the early 1980s, he had devised ultrasonic laboratory systems for monitoring the structural integrity of composite structures in high performance aircraft.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw048_56-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw048-56" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[56]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwSAT1_114-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwSAT1-114" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[114]</a></sup> He is known for having produced "the first theoretical models that predicted the acousto–ultrasonic waveforms as actually observed" in experiments and practice, as conducted at NASA Lewis and elsewhere.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw049_57-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw049-57" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[57]</a></sup> Today, Williams is broadly recognized as one of the world's leading researchers in the mechanics and nondestructive testing of composite materials and structures: He was chosen by the editorial board of the American Society for Nondestructive Testing to be the first guest technical editor of its Special Focus issue on the NDT of Composites.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw016_26-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw016-26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><br /></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Williams has also shown a sense of humor; 1) he led a group of students in building the world's largest yo-yo and tested it from the tallest building in Cambridge, Massachusetts;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwWF11_27-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwWF11-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw099_115-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw099-115" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[115]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw100_116-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw100-116" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[116]</a></sup> (2) he has been called one of Boston's men of elegance and style;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwCC_13-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwCC-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw101_117-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw101-117" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[117]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw102_118-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw102-118" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[118]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwWF14_119-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwWF14-119" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[119]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwWF15_120-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwWF15-120" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[120]</a></sup> and (3) he derived a mathematical proof of the counterintuitive number of rotations made by a non-slipping smaller cylinder rolling around a larger stationary cylinder, as presented in the popular "Ask Marilyn" column of the 72-year-old <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parade_(magazine)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Parade (magazine)">Parade Magazine</a>, which is inserted into about 700 U.S. Sunday newspapers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw104_121-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw104-121" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[121]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwKK1_122-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwKK1-122" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[122]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><br /></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Consulting"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Consulting</span></span></h2><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">During his career, Williams has conducted dozens of industrial and governmental consultations including (1) papermaking <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calender" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Calender">calender</a> rolls, for which "he is considered, by virtue of his extensive work in the field, to be the nation's leading expert on stresses in rotary paper dryers";<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw023_33-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw023-33" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw105_123-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw105-123" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[123]</a></sup> (2) the first automated system for installing recessed highway lane delineation reflectors;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw106_124-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw106-124" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[124]</a></sup> (3) an earthquake analysis of the 500 KV bus system of the British Columbia (Canada) hydroelectric power generating station and the design of an isolation system to protect its electrical lines during seismic activity;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw107_125-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw107-125" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[125]</a></sup> (4) the design of composite rocket motor casings;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw108_126-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw108-126" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[126]</a></sup> (5) the residual-life prediction of composite aircraft structures;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw015_127-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw015-127" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[127]</a></sup> (6) the stress analysis of a high-speed optical pulsing system;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw109_128-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw109-128" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[128]</a></sup> (7) the stress analysis of pelvic implants and bone stints for the Orthopædic Unit of the Massachusetts General Hospital;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw110_129-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw110-129" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[129]</a></sup> (8) the effect of ultrasonic irradiation on the enhancement of composite fabrication;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw111_130-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw111-130" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[130]</a></sup> (9) the ultrasonic NDE delineation of strength and rupture modes in adhesively bonded joints;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwII2_11-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwII2-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwII3_12-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwII3-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> (10) the design of deepwater mooring composite systems for offshore oil platforms;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw113_131-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw113-131" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[131]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw114_132-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw114-132" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[132]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw115_133-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw115-133" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[133]</a></sup> (11) an NDE regimen for the structural acceptance of composite automotive leaf springs;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwDD_134-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwDD-134" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[134]</a></sup> among others.</p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><br /></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Controversies"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Controversies</span></span></h2><h3 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="MIT_fasting_protest">MIT fasting protest</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_H._Williams_Jr.&action=edit&section=6&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; text-wrap: nowrap;" title="Edit section: MIT fasting protest">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; color: #202122; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_H._Williams_Jr,_fasting_protest,_MIT,_4_April_1991.jpg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="479" data-file-width="634" decoding="async" height="166" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/James_H._Williams_Jr%2C_fasting_protest%2C_MIT%2C_4_April_1991.jpg/220px-James_H._Williams_Jr%2C_fasting_protest%2C_MIT%2C_4_April_1991.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/James_H._Williams_Jr%2C_fasting_protest%2C_MIT%2C_4_April_1991.jpg/330px-James_H._Williams_Jr%2C_fasting_protest%2C_MIT%2C_4_April_1991.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/James_H._Williams_Jr%2C_fasting_protest%2C_MIT%2C_4_April_1991.jpg/440px-James_H._Williams_Jr%2C_fasting_protest%2C_MIT%2C_4_April_1991.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_H._Williams_Jr,_fasting_protest,_MIT,_4_April_1991.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #3366cc; display: block; height: 11px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; text-wrap: nowrap; user-select: none; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Professor James H. Williams Jr. sitting in protest in front of the Office of the MIT President and Provost, 3 April 1991.</div></div></div><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">In April 1991, Williams—at that time, the only native-born black American faculty member in the combined School of Engineering and School of Science at MIT—conducted a fasting sit-in each Wednesday throughout April. He was protesting the lack of black faculty and a lack of inspirational education for minority students.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw003_135-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw003-135" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[135]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw123_136-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw123-136" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[136]</a></sup> During his protest, he set up a temporary office in the corridor at the entrance of the offices of the MIT president and provost. He observed that some aspects of the black community have disproportionately suffered attendant with integration because, in the broadest sense, many talented blacks have left the black community (no matter where it exists)—they no longer live in or relate to it; "they have been encouraged to escape from their roots." The residual black community is less educated and financially poorer. He characterized this phenomenon as "neocolonialist."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw004_137-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw004-137" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[137]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwEE_18-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwEE-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhwXX_25-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhwXX-25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw123_136-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw123-136" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[136]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw124_138-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw124-138" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[138]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw125_139-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw125-139" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[139]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw126_140-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw126-140" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[140]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw127_141-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw127-141" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[141]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw128_142-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw128-142" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[142]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw129_143-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw129-143" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[143]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw130_144-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw130-144" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[144]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw131_145-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw131-145" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[145]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw133_146-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw133-146" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[146]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw134_147-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw134-147" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[147]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Crash_of_American_Airlines_Flight_587">Crash of American Airlines Flight 587</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_H._Williams_Jr.&action=edit&section=7&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; text-wrap: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Crash of American Airlines Flight 587">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">On November 12, 2001, shortly after takeoff from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F. Kennedy International Airport</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_587" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="American Airlines Flight 587">American Airlines Flight 587</a>, an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Airbus">Airbus Industrie</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A300-600#A300-600" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Airbus A300-600">A300-600</a>, crashed in Queens, New York, killing 251 passengers, a crew of 9, and 5 people on the ground.</p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><br /></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">At the request of several American Airlines pilots, Williams analyzed and then challenged the inspection requirements and the accident investigation conclusions of Airbus Industrie, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="National Transportation Safety Board">National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)</a>—all of whom to varying degrees blamed the co-pilot of Flight 587 for the crash. The investigation and controversy concerning the crash focused on (1) the co-pilot's actions during takeoff, and (2) the aircraft's vertical stabilizer of the tail section, a complex structure of advanced composites. The vertical stabilizer on Flight 587 snapped off and landed in Jamaica Bay, away from the fuselage crash site.</p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><br /></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">According to Williams, Airbus adopted an inadequate inspection policy for its composite tail, the FAA approved Airbus's deficient inspection policy, and the NTSB mis-analyzed the cause of the airline disaster.</p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">In so far as the vertical stabilizer was concerned, Airbus's nondestructive inspection policy was that damage that could not be seen with the unaided eye would not compromise its structural integrity. Such an inspection protocol greatly concerned Williams who characterized it as "a lamentably naive policy."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw135_148-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw135-148" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[148]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw137_149-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw137-149" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[149]</a></sup> Williams further stated and was frequently quoted in the print and broadcast media as describing Airbus's inspection policy as "analogous to assessing whether a woman has breast cancer by simply looking at her family portrait."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw012_150-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw012-150" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[150]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw013_151-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw013-151" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[151]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw014_152-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw014-152" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[152]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw135_148-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw135-148" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[148]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw136_153-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw136-153" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[153]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw142_154-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw142-154" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[154]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><br /></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Through internet postings,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw135_148-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw135-148" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[148]</a></sup> op-ed pieces,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw136_153-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw136-153" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[153]</a></sup> industrial journal articles,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw137_149-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw137-149" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[149]</a></sup> letters,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw138_155-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw138-155" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[155]</a></sup> interviews in magazines and newspapers<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw012_150-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw012-150" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[150]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw013_151-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw013-151" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[151]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw139_156-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw139-156" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[156]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw140_157-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw140-157" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[157]</a></sup> and TV appearances,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw014_152-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw014-152" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[152]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw141_158-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw141-158" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[158]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw142_154-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw142-154" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[154]</a></sup> Williams challenged the preliminary remarks and the final report of the NTSB's accident investigation. Although there were several critics of the investigation, including varied pilots and pundits, Williams is widely regarded as the major engineering voice providing pushback against the conclusion that the air disaster was essentially the fault of the co-pilot.</p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><br /></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Based largely on the steadfast criticism of Airbus and the NTSB by Williams, in a <i>tour de force</i> of engineering and civic commentary, he clearly influenced both the NTSB<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw143_159-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw143-159" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[159]</a></sup> and Airbus<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw145_160-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw145-160" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[160]</a></sup> to reverse their positions on the cause of the American Airlines 587 crash as well as the required inspection procedures, thus likely saving hundreds of lives of current and future commercial airline passengers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw012_150-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw012-150" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[150]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw013_151-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw013-151" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[151]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw140_157-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw140-157" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[157]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jhw143_159-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_note-jhw143-159" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[159]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><br /></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Publications"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Publications</span></span></h2><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Williams has written hundreds of technical publications in refereed journals, conference proceedings, and major reports to industrial and governmental agencies, dozens of non-technical op-ed and political commentaries, and two books. He is the author of the introductory textbook <i>Wave Propagation</i> and of the unconventional textbook <i>Fundamentals of Applied Dynamics,</i> which is a blend of history, dynamics and vibration.</p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><br /></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">References</span></span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_H._Williams_Jr.&action=edit&section=9&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; text-wrap: nowrap;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieYQrTM1BDV3BpXRn1HY3CH6WXroW8_SCOaDY1Fj4bvE6DcFWBWfaytQQ3bJZfCN8TE_v6bqGgUOHyY4MaWyVy-Nw6-ZjXONO6x9BRR0HrJoNZ8NErp92igHcEgqz_7oJ2Ub88ENR57_sj/s2048/james-h-williams-jr-2048x1496.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1496" data-original-width="2048" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieYQrTM1BDV3BpXRn1HY3CH6WXroW8_SCOaDY1Fj4bvE6DcFWBWfaytQQ3bJZfCN8TE_v6bqGgUOHyY4MaWyVy-Nw6-ZjXONO6x9BRR0HrJoNZ8NErp92igHcEgqz_7oJ2Ub88ENR57_sj/s320/james-h-williams-jr-2048x1496.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /></span></span></h2><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style="color: #202122; column-width: 30em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-jhw011-1" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw011_1-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw011_1-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw011_1-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw011_1-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw011_1-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFWilliams2009" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr. (2009). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_XBSPgAACAAJ" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>I Will Love You, Forever!—The Quantum Mechanics of Love</i></a>. Ingram Book Group. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0615268132" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0615268132"><bdi>978-0615268132</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Will+Love+You%2C+Forever%21%E2%80%94The+Quantum+Mechanics+of+Love&rft.pub=Ingram+Book+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0615268132&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_XBSPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw018-2" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw018_2-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw018_2-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw018_2-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFForest2004" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Forest, Angela (2 May 2004). <a class="external text" href="http://articles.dailypress.com/2004-05-02/news/0405020200_1_black-men-shipyard-apprentice-school-teachers" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"A Wild Experiment"</a>. <i>Daily Press</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Press&rft.atitle=A+Wild+Experiment&rft.date=2004-05-02&rft.aulast=Forest&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.dailypress.com%2F2004-05-02%2Fnews%2F0405020200_1_black-men-shipyard-apprentice-school-teachers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhwAA-3" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwAA_3-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFGrimes2013" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Grimes, Cathy (30 November 2013). <a class="external text" href="http://articles.dailypress.com/2013-11-30/news/dp-nws-nn-apprentice-school-opening-1201-20131130_1_new-apprentice-school-new-building-shipyard" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"New Apprentice School set to open in Downtown Newport News"</a>. <i>The Daily Press</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Press&rft.atitle=New+Apprentice+School+set+to+open+in+Downtown+Newport+News&rft.date=2013-11-30&rft.aulast=Grimes&rft.aufirst=Cathy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.dailypress.com%2F2013-11-30%2Fnews%2Fdp-nws-nn-apprentice-school-opening-1201-20131130_1_new-apprentice-school-new-building-shipyard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw019-4" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw019_4-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.marinelink.com/news/groundbreaking-apprentice344430.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Shipyard Apprentice School—Ground-breaking Ceremony at Newport News"</a>. <i>MarineLink.com</i>. 6 May 2012.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MarineLink.com&rft.atitle=Shipyard+Apprentice+School%E2%80%94Ground-breaking+Ceremony+at+Newport+News&rft.date=2012-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marinelink.com%2Fnews%2Fgroundbreaking-apprentice344430.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhwAAA-5" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwAAA_5-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">"Burke Tells Grads to Take Initiative". <i>The Broad A</i>. <b>X</b> (1): 1. February 1964.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Broad+A&rft.atitle=Burke+Tells+Grads+to+Take+Initiative&rft.volume=X&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1964-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw001-6" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw001_6-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw001_6-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://mit.edu/jhwill/www/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"MIT home page: James H. Williams Jr"</a>. MIT.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MIT+home+page%3A+James+H.+Williams+Jr.&rft.pub=MIT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmit.edu%2Fjhwill%2Fwww%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw017-7" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw017_7-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw017_7-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://mit.edu/newsoffice/2000/williams.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"MIT Professor Williams to help develop writing courses for engineering students"</a>. <i>MIT Tech Talk</i>. 17 November 2000.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+Tech+Talk&rft.atitle=MIT+Professor+Williams+to+help+develop+writing+courses+for+engineering+students&rft.date=2000-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmit.edu%2Fnewsoffice%2F2000%2Fwilliams.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw006-8" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw006_8-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">"Williams Is Appointed to Engineering Chair". <i>MIT Tech Talk</i>. 9 October 1991. p. 3.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+Tech+Talk&rft.atitle=Williams+Is+Appointed+to+Engineering+Chair&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1991-10-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhwFF-9" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwFF_9-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwFF_9-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFDi_Iorio1993" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Di Iorio, Robert C. (10 February 1993). <a class="external text" href="http://mit.edu/newsoffice/1993/macvicar-0210.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Six New MacVicar Fellows Honored at Luncheon"</a>. <i>MIT Tech Talk</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+Tech+Talk&rft.atitle=Six+New+MacVicar+Fellows+Honored+at+Luncheon&rft.date=1993-02-10&rft.aulast=Di+Iorio&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmit.edu%2Fnewsoffice%2F1993%2Fmacvicar-0210.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhwII1-10" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwII1_10-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://mit.edu/newsoffice/1993/williams-0224.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Williams wins Edison Award"</a>. <i>MIT Tech Talk</i>. 24 February 1993.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+Tech+Talk&rft.atitle=Williams+wins+Edison+Award&rft.date=1993-02-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmit.edu%2Fnewsoffice%2F1993%2Fwilliams-0224.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhwII2-11" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwII2_11-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwII2_11-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105133643/http://meche.mit.edu/about/awards/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"J.P. Den Hartog Distinguished Educator Award"</a>. MIT Mechanical Engineering Department. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://meche.mit.edu/about/awards/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 2013-11-05.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=J.P.+Den+Hartog+Distinguished+Educator+Award&rft.pub=MIT+Mechanical+Engineering+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeche.mit.edu%2Fabout%2Fawards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhwII3-12" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwII3_12-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwII3_12-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwII3_12-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFWaugh1999" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Waugh, A.C. (3 March 1999). <a class="external text" href="http://mit.edu/press/1999/achiever-0303.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Williams and Crayton are named 1998 YMCA Black Achievers"</a>. <i>MIT Tech Talk</i>. p. 3.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+Tech+Talk&rft.atitle=Williams+and+Crayton+are+named+1998+YMCA+Black+Achievers&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1999-03-03&rft.aulast=Waugh&rft.aufirst=A.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmit.edu%2Fpress%2F1999%2Fachiever-0303.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhwCC-13" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwCC_13-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwCC_13-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFMontgomery1993" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Montgomery, M.R. (26 May 1993). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131207043413/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8229339.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Engineering Success MIT's James T. Williams helps students by building on their knowledge of themselves"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>. p. 75. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8229339.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 7 December 2013.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Engineering+Success+MIT%27s+James+T.+Williams+helps+students+by+building+on+their+knowledge+of+themselves&rft.pages=75&rft.date=1993-05-26&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=M.R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-8229339.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhwWF3-14" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwWF3_14-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">"News Notes". <i>Bay State Banner</i>. 4 March 1993. p. 6.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bay+State+Banner&rft.atitle=News+Notes&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1993-03-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhwWF8-15" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwWF8_15-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">"Birthday Tribute". <i>MIT Tech Talk</i>. 12 August 1981. p. 3.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+Tech+Talk&rft.atitle=Birthday+Tribute&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1981-08-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhwTT00-16" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwTT00_16-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFReeves1973" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Reeves, Curtis (15 May 1973). <a class="external text" href="http://tech.mit.edu/V93/PDF/V93-N25.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"MIT awards given; 33 prizes presented"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Tech</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tech&rft.atitle=MIT+awards+given%3B+33+prizes+presented&rft.date=1973-05-15&rft.aulast=Reeves&rft.aufirst=Curtis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech.mit.edu%2FV93%2FPDF%2FV93-N25.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw020-17" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw020_17-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFKaragianis1994" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Karagianis, Elizabeth (Fall 1994). "James H. Williams Jr. – Department of Mechanical Engineering". <i>MIT Spectrum</i>: 4.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+Spectrum&rft.atitle=James+H.+Williams+Jr.+%E2%80%93+Department+of+Mechanical+Engineering&rft.ssn=fall&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Karagianis&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhwEE-18" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwEE_18-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwEE_18-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFLamberti1991" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Lamberti, Andrea (3 May 1991). <a class="external text" href="http://tech.mit.edu/V111/N24/prot.24n.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Students protest minority policies"</a>. <i>The Tech</i>. p. 1.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tech&rft.atitle=Students+protest+minority+policies&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1991-05-03&rft.aulast=Lamberti&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech.mit.edu%2FV111%2FN24%2Fprot.24n.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhwII4-19" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwII4_19-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFPeterson1985" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Peterson, Simone (29 October 1985). <a class="external text" href="http://tech.mit.edu/V105/N45/peters.45o.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Be mindful of tone in speeches"</a>. <i>The Tech</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tech&rft.atitle=Be+mindful+of+tone+in+speeches&rft.date=1985-10-29&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Simone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech.mit.edu%2FV105%2FN45%2Fpeters.45o.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhwII5-20" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwII5_20-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFHuang1986" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Huang, T.T. (4 February 1986). <a class="external text" href="http://tech.mit.edu/V106/PDF/V106-N1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"What will The Tech do now?"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Tech</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tech&rft.atitle=What+will+The+Tech+do+now%3F&rft.date=1986-02-04&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=T.T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech.mit.edu%2FV106%2FPDF%2FV106-N1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhwT55-21" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwT55_21-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFJungwirth1985" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Jungwirth, Craig (22 October 1985). <a class="external text" href="http://tech.mit.edu/V105/N43/wms.43n.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Williams gives own view"</a>. <i>The Tech</i>. p. 1.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tech&rft.atitle=Williams+gives+own+view&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1985-10-22&rft.aulast=Jungwirth&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech.mit.edu%2FV105%2FN43%2Fwms.43n.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhwWF4-22" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwWF4_22-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFHsu1991" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hsu, Susan; et al. (7 May 1991). <a class="external text" href="http://tech.mit.edu/V111/N25/hsu.25o.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Baker Award is not career killer"</a>. <i>The Tech</i>. p. 5.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tech&rft.atitle=Baker+Award+is+not+career+killer&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1991-05-07&rft.aulast=Hsu&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech.mit.edu%2FV111%2FN25%2Fhsu.25o.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhwWF9-23" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwWF9_23-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFMayer1975" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Mayer, Thomas (16 September 1975). <a class="external text" href="http://tech.mit.edu/V95/PDF/V95-N32.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"New dorm master hopeful"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Tech</i>. p. 1.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tech&rft.atitle=New+dorm+master+hopeful&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1975-09-16&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech.mit.edu%2FV95%2FPDF%2FV95-N32.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhwWF10-24" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwWF10_24-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">"Sisters in Life". <i>MIT Tech Talk</i>. 6 May 1981. p. 3.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+Tech+Talk&rft.atitle=Sisters+in+Life&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1981-05-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhwXX-25" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwXX_25-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwXX_25-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFVedantham1987" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Vedantham, Anu (7 April 1987). <a class="external text" href="http://tech.mit.edu/V107/PDF/V107-N16.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"McBay, Manning skip forum"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Tech</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tech&rft.atitle=McBay%2C+Manning+skip+forum&rft.date=1987-04-07&rft.aulast=Vedantham&rft.aufirst=Anu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech.mit.edu%2FV107%2FPDF%2FV107-N16.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw016-26" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw016_26-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw016_26-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw016_26-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliams2007" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr., ed. (July 2007). "NDT of Composites". <i>Materials Evaluation</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materials+Evaluation&rft.atitle=NDT+of+Composites&rft.date=2007-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhwWF11-27" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwWF11_27-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwWF11_27-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">"Williams Returns from New University-Industry Program". <i>MIT Tech Talk</i>. 11 September 1974.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+Tech+Talk&rft.atitle=Williams+Returns+from+New+University-Industry+Program&rft.date=1974-09-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhwWF1-28" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwWF1_28-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsS.S._Lee1985" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; S.S. Lee (April 1985). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_materials-evaluation_1985-04_43_5/page/561" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Promising Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation Techniques for Composite Materials"</a>. <i>Materials Evaluation</i>. <b>43</b> (5): 561–565.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materials+Evaluation&rft.atitle=Promising+Quantitative+Nondestructive+Evaluation+Techniques+for+Composite+Materials&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=561-565&rft.date=1985-04&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_materials-evaluation_1985-04_43_5%2Fpage%2F561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhwWF12-29" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwWF12_29-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliams1979" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr. (Fall 1979). "Thermal Tests Detect Fiberglass Flaws". <i>MIT Sea Grant, Quarterly Report</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+Sea+Grant%2C+Quarterly+Report&rft.atitle=Thermal+Tests+Detect+Fiberglass+Flaws&rft.ssn=fall&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhwWF13-30" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwWF13_30-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">"Reports on Research: Whispering Fatigue". <i>MIT Industrial Liaison Program</i>. <b>7</b> (7). April 1980.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+Industrial+Liaison+Program&rft.atitle=Reports+on+Research%3A+Whispering+Fatigue&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=7&rft.date=1980-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw021-31" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw021_31-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliams1973" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr. (August 1973). "Inextensional Approximations in Cylindrical Shells". <i>AIAA Journal</i>. <b>11</b> (8): 1213–1214. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973AIAAJ..11.1213W" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1973AIAAJ..11.1213W</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2514%2F3.6903" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.2514/3.6903</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AIAA+Journal&rft.atitle=Inextensional+Approximations+in+Cylindrical+Shells&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1213-1214&rft.date=1973-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2514%2F3.6903&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973AIAAJ..11.1213W&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw022-32" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw022_32-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliams1973" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr. (October 1973). "Deformation in Multiple Tier Cylindrical Shells". <i>Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division</i>. <b>99</b> (EM5): 1114–1118. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1061%2FJMCEA3.0001822" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1061/JMCEA3.0001822</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Engineering+Mechanics+Division&rft.atitle=Deformation+in+Multiple+Tier+Cylindrical+Shells&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=EM5&rft.pages=1114-1118&rft.date=1973-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1061%2FJMCEA3.0001822&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw023-33" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw023_33-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw023_33-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliams1974" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr. (May 1974). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-pressure-vessel-technology_1974-05_96_2/page/131" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Line Load on Cylindrical Shell with End Plates"</a>. <i>Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology</i>. <b>96</b> (2): 131–136. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1115%2F1.3454151" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1115/1.3454151</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pressure+Vessel+Technology&rft.atitle=Line+Load+on+Cylindrical+Shell+with+End+Plates&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=131-136&rft.date=1974-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1115%2F1.3454151&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-pressure-vessel-technology_1974-05_96_2%2Fpage%2F131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw024-34" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw024_34-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsS.S._Lee1974" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; S.S. Lee (September 1974). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-applied-mechanics_1974-09_41_3/page/829" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Centers of Twist and Shear in Cylindrical Shell Beams of Arbitrary Section"</a>. <i>Journal of Applied Mechanics</i>. <b>41</b> (3): 829–931. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974JAM....41..829W" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1974JAM....41..829W</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1115%2F1.3423409" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1115/1.3423409</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Mechanics&rft.atitle=Centers+of+Twist+and+Shear+in+Cylindrical+Shell+Beams+of+Arbitrary+Section&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=829-931&rft.date=1974-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1115%2F1.3423409&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974JAM....41..829W&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-applied-mechanics_1974-09_41_3%2Fpage%2F829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw025-35" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw025_35-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliams1975" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr. (August 1975). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-pressure-vessel-technology_1975-08_97_3/page/232" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Line Load Displacements in Orthotropic Cylindrical Shells"</a>. <i>Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology</i>. <b>97</b> (3): 232–233. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1115%2F1.3454300" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1115/1.3454300</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pressure+Vessel+Technology&rft.atitle=Line+Load+Displacements+in+Orthotropic+Cylindrical+Shells&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=232-233&rft.date=1975-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1115%2F1.3454300&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-pressure-vessel-technology_1975-08_97_3%2Fpage%2F232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw026-36" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw026_36-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsE.K._Lau1974" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; E.K. Lau (1974). "Solid Particle Erosion of Graphite-Epoxy Composites". <i>WEAR</i>. <b>29</b> (2): 219–230. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0043-1648%2874%2990072-6" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/0043-1648(74)90072-6</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WEAR&rft.atitle=Solid+Particle+Erosion+of+Graphite-Epoxy+Composites&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=219-230&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0043-1648%2874%2990072-6&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=E.K.+Lau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw027-37" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw027_37-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliams1975" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr. (1975). "Stresses in Adhesive Between Dissimilar Adherends". <i>Journal of Adhesion</i>. <b>7</b> (2): 97–107. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00218467508075042" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1080/00218467508075042</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Adhesion&rft.atitle=Stresses+in+Adhesive+Between+Dissimilar+Adherends&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=97-107&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00218467508075042&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw028-38" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw028_38-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsZ._Bin_Ahmad1980" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; Z. Bin Ahmad (Summer 1980). "Interlaminar Stresses in Composites Having Arbitrary Stacking Sequences". <i>NTA Journal</i>. <b>54</b> (3): 76–86.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NTA+Journal&rft.atitle=Interlaminar+Stresses+in+Composites+Having+Arbitrary+Stacking+Sequences&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=76-86&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=Z.+Bin+Ahmad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw029-39" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw029_39-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsS.S._LeeC.S._Wasserman1977" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; S.S. Lee; C.S. Wasserman (July 1977). "Fibre Intersections in a Planar Randomly Oriented Fibre Composite". <i>Fibre Science and Technology</i>. <b>10</b> (3): 161–177. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0015-0568%2877%2990018-5" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/0015-0568(77)90018-5</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fibre+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Fibre+Intersections+in+a+Planar+Randomly+Oriented+Fibre+Composite&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=161-177&rft.date=1977-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0015-0568%2877%2990018-5&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rft.au=C.S.+Wasserman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw030-40" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw030_40-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFKousiounelosWilliams_Jr.1977" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Kousiounelos, P.N.; Williams Jr., James H. (October 1977). "Heterogeneous Anisotropic Model for Notched Fibre Composites". <i>Fibre Science and Technology</i>. <b>10</b> (4): 299–311. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0015-0568%2877%2990006-9" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/0015-0568(77)90006-9</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fibre+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Heterogeneous+Anisotropic+Model+for+Notched+Fibre+Composites&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=299-311&rft.date=1977-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0015-0568%2877%2990006-9&rft.aulast=Kousiounelos&rft.aufirst=P.N.&rft.au=Williams+Jr.%2C+James+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw031-41" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw031_41-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsB.J._Bosy1977" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; B.J. Bosy (October 1977). "Fibre Orientation Efficiency Factor for Planar Randomly Oriented Discontinuous Fibre Composites". <i>Fibre Science and Technology</i>. <b>10</b> (4): 319–322. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0015-0568%2877%2990008-2" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/0015-0568(77)90008-2</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fibre+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Fibre+Orientation+Efficiency+Factor+for+Planar+Randomly+Oriented+Discontinuous+Fibre+Composites&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=319-322&rft.date=1977-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0015-0568%2877%2990008-2&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=B.J.+Bosy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw032-42" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw032_42-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsP.N._Kousiounelos1978" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; P.N. Kousiounelos (March 1978). "Thermoplastic Fibre Coatings Enhance Composite Strength and Toughness". <i>Fibre Science and Technology</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 83–88. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0015-0568%2878%2990001-5" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/0015-0568(78)90001-5</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fibre+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Thermoplastic+Fibre+Coatings+Enhance+Composite+Strength+and+Toughness&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=83-88&rft.date=1978-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0015-0568%2878%2990001-5&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=P.N.+Kousiounelos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw033-43" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw033_43-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsS.S._Lee1977" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; S.S. Lee (1977). McGonnagle, W.J. (ed.). "Monitoring of Elastic Stresses by Acoustic Emission". <i>International Advances in Nondestructive Testing</i>. <b>5</b>: 265–273.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Advances+in+Nondestructive+Testing&rft.atitle=Monitoring+of+Elastic+Stresses+by+Acoustic+Emission&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=265-273&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw034-44" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw034_44-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsS.S._Lee1978" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; S.S. Lee (October 1978). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-composite-materials_1978-10_12_4/page/348" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Fiber Composite Materials and Structures"</a>. <i>Journal of Composite Materials</i>. <b>12</b> (4): 348–370. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978JCoMa..12..348W" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1978JCoMa..12..348W</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002199837801200402" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1177/002199837801200402</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:135600871" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">135600871</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Composite+Materials&rft.atitle=Acoustic+Emission+Monitoring+of+Fiber+Composite+Materials+and+Structures&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=348-370&rft.date=1978-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A135600871%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002199837801200402&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978JCoMa..12..348W&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-composite-materials_1978-10_12_4%2Fpage%2F348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw035-45" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw035_45-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsD.M._Egan1979" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; D.M. Egan (January 1979). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_materials-evaluation_1979-01_37_1/page/43" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Acoustic Emission Spectral Analysis of Fiber Composite Failure Mechanisms"</a>. <i>Materials Evaluation</i>. <b>37</b> (1): 43–47.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materials+Evaluation&rft.atitle=Acoustic+Emission+Spectral+Analysis+of+Fiber+Composite+Failure+Mechanisms&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43-47&rft.date=1979-01&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=D.M.+Egan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_materials-evaluation_1979-01_37_1%2Fpage%2F43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw036-46" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw036_46-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsS.S._Lee1979" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; S.S. Lee (February 1979). "Acoustic Emission from Graphite/Epoxy Composite Containing Interlaminar Paper Inclusions". <i>NDT International</i>. <b>12</b>: 5–7. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0308-9126%2879%2990033-6" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/0308-9126(79)90033-6</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NDT+International&rft.atitle=Acoustic+Emission+from+Graphite%2FEpoxy+Composite+Containing+Interlaminar+Paper+Inclusions&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=5-7&rft.date=1979-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0308-9126%2879%2990033-6&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw037-47" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw037_47-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsG.P._Emerson1979" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; G.P. Emerson (October 1979). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_materials-evaluation_1979-10_37_11/page/73" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Acoustic Emission/Elastic Stress Behavior in a Magnesium Alloy"</a>. <i>Materials Evaluation</i>. <b>37</b> (11): 73–80.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materials+Evaluation&rft.atitle=Acoustic+Emission%2FElastic+Stress+Behavior+in+a+Magnesium+Alloy&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=73-80&rft.date=1979-10&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=G.P.+Emerson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_materials-evaluation_1979-10_37_11%2Fpage%2F73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw038-48" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw038_48-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsS.S._Lee1982" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; S.S. Lee (January 1982). <a class="external text" href="https://semanticscholar.org/paper/12640f2f96badaac3ccb23098f349372812962ca" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Acoustic Emission During Unloading of Elastically Stressed Magnesium Alloy"</a>. <i>Journal of Testing and Evaluation</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 12–16. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1520%2Fjte11563j" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1520/jte11563j</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2060%2F19780018515" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position-y: 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 9px; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2060/19780018515</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56039176" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">56039176</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Testing+and+Evaluation&rft.atitle=Acoustic+Emission+During+Unloading+of+Elastically+Stressed+Magnesium+Alloy&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12-16&rft.date=1982-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2060%2F19780018515&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56039176%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1520%2Fjte11563j&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsemanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2F12640f2f96badaac3ccb23098f349372812962ca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw039-49" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw039_49-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsS.S._Lee1983" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; S.S. Lee (July 1983). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_materials-evaluation_1983-07_41_8/page/961" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Acoustic Emission Characterization Using AE [Parameter] Delay"</a>. <i>Materials Evaluation</i>. <b>41</b> (8): 961–966.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materials+Evaluation&rft.atitle=Acoustic+Emission+Characterization+Using+AE+%5BParameter%5D+Delay&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=961-966&rft.date=1983-07&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_materials-evaluation_1983-07_41_8%2Fpage%2F961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw042-50" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw042_50-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsH.S._MansouriS.S._Lee1980" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; H.S. Mansouri; S.S. Lee (May 1980). "One-Dimensional analysis of Thermal nondestructive Detection of Delamination and Inclusion Flaws". <i>British Journal of Non-Destructive Testing</i>. <b>22</b> (3): 113–118.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Non-Destructive+Testing&rft.atitle=One-Dimensional+analysis+of+Thermal+nondestructive+Detection+of+Delamination+and+Inclusion+Flaws&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=113-118&rft.date=1980-05&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=H.S.+Mansouri&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw043-51" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw043_51-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsH.S._MansouriS.S._Lee1980" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; H.S. Mansouri; S.S. Lee (July 1980). "Thermal Nondestructive Testing of Fiberglass Laminates Using Liquid Crystals". <i>British Journal of Non-Destructive Testing</i>. <b>22</b> (4): 184–190.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Non-Destructive+Testing&rft.atitle=Thermal+Nondestructive+Testing+of+Fiberglass+Laminates+Using+Liquid+Crystals&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=184-190&rft.date=1980-07&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=H.S.+Mansouri&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw044-52" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw044_52-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsH.S._MansouriS.S._Lee1982" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; H.S. Mansouri; S.S. Lee (March 1982). "Thermal Nondestructive Testing of Fiberglass Laminate Containing Simulated Flaws Orthogonal to Surface Using Liquid Crystals". <i>British Journal of Non-Destructive Testing</i>. <b>24</b> (2): 76–81.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Non-Destructive+Testing&rft.atitle=Thermal+Nondestructive+Testing+of+Fiberglass+Laminate+Containing+Simulated+Flaws+Orthogonal+to+Surface+Using+Liquid+Crystals&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=76-81&rft.date=1982-03&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=H.S.+Mansouri&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw045-53" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw045_53-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsR.J._Nagem1983" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; R.J. Nagem (February 1983). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_materials-evaluation_1983-02_41_2/page/202" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"A Liquid Crystals Kit for Structural Integrity Assessment of Fiberglass Watercraft"</a>. <i>Materials Evaluation</i>. <b>41</b> (2): 202–210.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materials+Evaluation&rft.atitle=A+Liquid+Crystals+Kit+for+Structural+Integrity+Assessment+of+Fiberglass+Watercraft&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=202-210&rft.date=1983-02&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=R.J.+Nagem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_materials-evaluation_1983-02_41_2%2Fpage%2F202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw046-54" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw046_54-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFCaiA.F._ThomasJames_H._Williams_Jr.2001" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Cai, L.-W.; A.F. Thomas; James H. Williams Jr. (September 2001). "Thermographic Nondestructive Evaluation of Polymeric Composite Sandwich Panels". <i>Materials Evaluation</i>. <b>59</b> (9): 1061–1071.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materials+Evaluation&rft.atitle=Thermographic+Nondestructive+Evaluation+of+Polymeric+Composite+Sandwich+Panels&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1061-1071&rft.date=2001-09&rft.aulast=Cai&rft.aufirst=L.-W.&rft.au=A.F.+Thomas&rft.au=James+H.+Williams+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw047-55" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw047_55-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFThomasL.-W._CaiJames_H._Williams_Jr.2002" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Thomas, A.F.; L.-W. Cai; James H. Williams Jr. (November 2002). "Nondestructive Testing of Polymeric Composite Sandwich Panels Via the Thermographic Halo". <i>Materials Evaluation</i>. <b>60</b> (11): 1339–1349.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materials+Evaluation&rft.atitle=Nondestructive+Testing+of+Polymeric+Composite+Sandwich+Panels+Via+the+Thermographic+Halo&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1339-1349&rft.date=2002-11&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=A.F.&rft.au=L.-W.+Cai&rft.au=James+H.+Williams+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw048-56" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw048_56-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw048_56-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw048_56-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliams_Jr.S.S._Lee1985" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams Jr., James H.; S.S. Lee (April 1985). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_materials-evaluation_1985-04_43_5/page/561" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Promising Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation Techniques for Composite Materials"</a>. <i>Materials Evaluation</i>. <b>43</b> (5): 561–565.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materials+Evaluation&rft.atitle=Promising+Quantitative+Nondestructive+Evaluation+Techniques+for+Composite+Materials&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=561-565&rft.date=1985-04&rft.aulast=Williams+Jr.&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_materials-evaluation_1985-04_43_5%2Fpage%2F561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw049-57" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw049_57-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw049_57-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw049_57-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFDrouillardAlex_Vary1994" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Drouillard, Thomas F.; Alex Vary (January–June 1994). "AE Literature—Acousto-Ultrasonic Reflections". <i>Journal of Acoustic Emission</i>. <b>12</b> (1–2): 71.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Acoustic+Emission&rft.atitle=AE+Literature%E2%80%94Acousto-Ultrasonic+Reflections&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=71&rft.date=1994-01%2F1994-06&rft.aulast=Drouillard&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.&rft.au=Alex+Vary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw050-58" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw050_58-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsB._Doll1980" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; B. Doll (May 1980). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_materials-evaluation_1980-05_38_5/page/33" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Ultrasonic Attenuation as an Indicator of Fatigue Life of Graphite Fiber Epoxy Composite"</a>. <i>Materials Evaluation</i>. <b>38</b> (5): 33–37.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materials+Evaluation&rft.atitle=Ultrasonic+Attenuation+as+an+Indicator+of+Fatigue+Life+of+Graphite+Fiber+Epoxy+Composite&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=33-37&rft.date=1980-05&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=B.+Doll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_materials-evaluation_1980-05_38_5%2Fpage%2F33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw051-59" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw051_59-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsH._YuceS.S._Lee1982" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; H. Yuce; S.S. Lee (April 1982). <a class="external text" href="https://semanticscholar.org/paper/98c54582dd6f547943d433aed69c54863bc4ad5e" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Ultrasonic and Mechanical Characterizations of Fatigue States of Graphite Epoxy Composite Laminates"</a>. <i>The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America</i>. <b>40</b> (5): 560–565. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983ASAJ...73Q2230W" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1983ASAJ...73Q2230W</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.389517" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1121/1.389517</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2060%2F19820009640" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position-y: 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 9px; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2060/19820009640</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33451143" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">33451143</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Acoustical+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Ultrasonic+and+Mechanical+Characterizations+of+Fatigue+States+of+Graphite+Epoxy+Composite+Laminates&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=560-565&rft.date=1982-04&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2060%2F19820009640&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33451143%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1121%2F1.389517&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1983ASAJ...73Q2230W&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=H.+Yuce&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsemanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2F98c54582dd6f547943d433aed69c54863bc4ad5e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw052-60" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw052_60-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsN.R._Lampert1980" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; N.R. Lampert (December 1980). "Ultrasonic NDE of Impact-Damaged Graphite Fiber Composite". <i>Materials Evaluation</i>. <b>38</b> (12): 68–72.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materials+Evaluation&rft.atitle=Ultrasonic+NDE+of+Impact-Damaged+Graphite+Fiber+Composite&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=68-72&rft.date=1980-12&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=N.R.+Lampert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw053-61" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw053_61-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsD.M._deLongaS.S._Lee1982" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; D.M. deLonga; S.S. Lee (October 1982). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_materials-evaluation_1982-10_40_11/page/1184" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Correlations of Acoustic Emission with Fracture Mechanics Parameters in Structural Bridge Steels During Fatigue"</a>. <i>Materials Evaluation</i>. <b>40</b> (11): 1184–1189.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materials+Evaluation&rft.atitle=Correlations+of+Acoustic+Emission+with+Fracture+Mechanics+Parameters+in+Structural+Bridge+Steels+During+Fatigue&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1184-1189&rft.date=1982-10&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=D.M.+deLonga&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_materials-evaluation_1982-10_40_11%2Fpage%2F1184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw054-62" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw054_62-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsE.B._KahnS.S._Lee1983" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; E.B. Kahn; S.S. Lee (December 1983). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_materials-evaluation_1983-12_41_13/page/1502" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Effects of Specimen Resonances on Acoustic-Ultrasonic NDE"</a>. <i>Materials Evaluation</i>. <b>41</b> (13): 1502–1510.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materials+Evaluation&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Specimen+Resonances+on+Acoustic-Ultrasonic+NDE&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=1502-1510&rft.date=1983-12&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=E.B.+Kahn&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_materials-evaluation_1983-12_41_13%2Fpage%2F1502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw055-63" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw055_63-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsH._KaragulleS.S._Lee1986" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; H. Karagulle; S.S. Lee (January 1986). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_materials-evaluation_1986-01_44_1/page/100" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Ultrasonic Testing of Plates Containing Edge Cracks"</a>. <i>Materials Evaluation</i>. <b>44</b> (1): 100–107.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materials+Evaluation&rft.atitle=Ultrasonic+Testing+of+Plates+Containing+Edge+Cracks&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=100-107&rft.date=1986-01&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=H.+Karagulle&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_materials-evaluation_1986-01_44_1%2Fpage%2F100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw056-64" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw056_64-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsH._KaragulleS.S._Lee1986" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; H. Karagulle; S.S. Lee (March 1986). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_materials-evaluation_1986-03_44_4/page/455" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Stress Waves in an Isotropic Elastic Plate Excited by a Circular Transducer"</a>. <i>Materials Evaluation</i>. <b>44</b> (4): 455–462.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materials+Evaluation&rft.atitle=Stress+Waves+in+an+Isotropic+Elastic+Plate+Excited+by+a+Circular+Transducer&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=455-462&rft.date=1986-03&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=H.+Karagulle&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_materials-evaluation_1986-03_44_4%2Fpage%2F455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw057-65" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw057_65-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFWilliams_Jr.S.S._LeeH._Karagulle1986" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams Jr., James; S.S. Lee; H. Karagulle (1986). "Input-Output Characterizations on an Ultrasonic Testing System by Digital Signal Analysis". In W.J. McGonnagle (ed.). <i>International Advances in Nondestructive Testing</i>. Vol. 12. Gordon and Breach Science Publishing. pp. 147–192.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Input-Output+Characterizations+on+an+Ultrasonic+Testing+System+by+Digital+Signal+Analysis&rft.btitle=International+Advances+in+Nondestructive+Testing&rft.pages=147-192&rft.pub=Gordon+and+Breach+Science+Publishing&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Williams+Jr.&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rft.au=H.+Karagulle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw059-66" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw059_66-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsS.S._Lee1980" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; S.S. Lee (1980). "Stress Wave Attenuation in Thin Structures by Ultrasonic Through-Transmission". <i>Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation</i>. <b>1</b> (4): 277–285. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980mit..reptQ....L" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1980mit..reptQ....L</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00571808" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/bf00571808</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuiug.30112106862946" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position-y: 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 9px; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2027/uiug.30112106862946</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111076502" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">111076502</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Nondestructive+Evaluation&rft.atitle=Stress+Wave+Attenuation+in+Thin+Structures+by+Ultrasonic+Through-Transmission&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=277-285&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fuiug.30112106862946&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A111076502%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf00571808&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1980mit..reptQ....L&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw060-67" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw060_67-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsH._Nayeb-HashemiS.S._Lee1980" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; H. Nayeb-Hashemi; S.S. Lee (1980). "Ultrasonic Attenuation and Velocity in AS/3501-6 Graphite Fiber Composite". <i>Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 137–148. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00566121" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/bf00566121</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:135772192" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">135772192</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Nondestructive+Evaluation&rft.atitle=Ultrasonic+Attenuation+and+Velocity+in+AS%2F3501-6+Graphite+Fiber+Composite&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=137-148&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf00566121&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A135772192%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=H.+Nayeb-Hashemi&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw061-68" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw061_68-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsH._Nayeb-HashemiS.S._Lee1980" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; H. Nayeb-Hashemi; S.S. Lee (1980). "Ultrasonic Wave Propagation Loss Factor in Composite in Terms of Constituent Properties". <i>Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation</i>. <b>1</b> (3): 191–199. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00567091" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/bf00567091</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:137604291" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">137604291</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Nondestructive+Evaluation&rft.atitle=Ultrasonic+Wave+Propagation+Loss+Factor+in+Composite+in+Terms+of+Constituent+Properties&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=191-199&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf00567091&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A137604291%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=H.+Nayeb-Hashemi&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw062-69" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw062_69-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsB._Doll1982" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; B. Doll (December 1982). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_materials-evaluation_1982-12_40_13/page/1374" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"A Simple Wave Propagation Analysis of Piezoceramic NDE Transducer Response"</a>. <i>Materials Evaluation</i>. <b>40</b> (13): 1374–1381.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materials+Evaluation&rft.atitle=A+Simple+Wave+Propagation+Analysis+of+Piezoceramic+NDE+Transducer+Response&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=1374-1381&rft.date=1982-12&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=B.+Doll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_materials-evaluation_1982-12_40_13%2Fpage%2F1374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw063-70" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw063_70-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsH._KaragulleS.S._Lee1982" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; H. Karagulle; S.S. Lee (May 1982). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_materials-evaluation_1982-05_40_6/page/655" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Ultrasonic Input-Output for Transmitting and Receiving Longitudinal Transducers Coupled to Same Face of Isotropic Elastic Plate"</a>. <i>Materials Evaluation</i>. <b>40</b> (6): 655–662.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materials+Evaluation&rft.atitle=Ultrasonic+Input-Output+for+Transmitting+and+Receiving+Longitudinal+Transducers+Coupled+to+Same+Face+of+Isotropic+Elastic+Plate&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=655-662&rft.date=1982-05&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=H.+Karagulle&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_materials-evaluation_1982-05_40_6%2Fpage%2F655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw064-71" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw064_71-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsS.S._LeeH._Yuce1984" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; S.S. Lee; H. Yuce (February 1984). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_materials-evaluation_1984-02_42_2/page/219" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Ultrasonic Attenuation of a Void-Containing Medium for Very Long Wavelengths"</a>. <i>Materials Evaluation</i>. <b>42</b> (2): 219–224.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materials+Evaluation&rft.atitle=Ultrasonic+Attenuation+of+a+Void-Containing+Medium+for+Very+Long+Wavelengths&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=219-224&rft.date=1984-02&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rft.au=H.+Yuce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_materials-evaluation_1984-02_42_2%2Fpage%2F219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw066-72" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw066_72-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFKaragulleJames_H._Williams_Jr.S.S._Lee1985" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Karagulle, H.; James H. Williams Jr.; S.S. Lee (October 1985). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_materials-evaluation_1985-10_43_11/page/1446" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Application of Homomorphic Signal Processing to Stress Wave Factor Analysis"</a>. <i>Materials Evaluation</i>. <b>43</b> (11): 1446–1454.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materials+Evaluation&rft.atitle=Application+of+Homomorphic+Signal+Processing+to+Stress+Wave+Factor+Analysis&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1446-1454&rft.date=1985-10&rft.aulast=Karagulle&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=James+H.+Williams+Jr.&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_materials-evaluation_1985-10_43_11%2Fpage%2F1446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw067-73" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw067_73-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsS.S._Lee1991" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; S.S. Lee (1991). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_materials-evaluation_1991-03_49_3/page/351" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Ultrasonic Wave Characterization of Polymers"</a>. <i>Materials Evaluation</i>. <b>49</b> (3): 351–355. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991MatEv..49..351L" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1991MatEv..49..351L</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materials+Evaluation&rft.atitle=Ultrasonic+Wave+Characterization+of+Polymers&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=351-355&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991MatEv..49..351L&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_materials-evaluation_1991-03_49_3%2Fpage%2F351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw068-74" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw068_74-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFYimJames_H._Williams_Jr.1995" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Yim, H.; James H. Williams Jr. (September 1995). "Formulation and Its Energy Balance Verification for Ultrasonic and Nondestructive Characterization of a Single Fiber Composite Interphase". <i>Ultrasonics</i>. <b>33</b> (5): 377–387. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0041-624x%2895%2900043-3" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/0041-624x(95)00043-3</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ultrasonics&rft.atitle=Formulation+and+Its+Energy+Balance+Verification+for+Ultrasonic+and+Nondestructive+Characterization+of+a+Single+Fiber+Composite+Interphase&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=377-387&rft.date=1995-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0041-624x%2895%2900043-3&rft.aulast=Yim&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=James+H.+Williams+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw069-75" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw069_75-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFYimJames_H._Williams_Jr.1995" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Yim, H.; James H. Williams Jr. (September 1995). "Database Generation and Parametric Study for Ultrasonic Nondestructive Characterization of a Single Fiber Composite Interphase". <i>Ultrasonics</i>. <b>33</b> (5): 389–401. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0041-624x%2895%2900044-4" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/0041-624x(95)00044-4</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ultrasonics&rft.atitle=Database+Generation+and+Parametric+Study+for+Ultrasonic+Nondestructive+Characterization+of+a+Single+Fiber+Composite+Interphase&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=389-401&rft.date=1995-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0041-624x%2895%2900044-4&rft.aulast=Yim&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=James+H.+Williams+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw070-76" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw070_76-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFCaiJames_H._Williams_Jr.1999" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Cai, L.-W.; James H. Williams Jr. (November 1999). "Large-Scale Multiple-Scattering Problems". <i>Ultrasonics</i>. <b>37</b> (7): 435–462. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0041-624x%2899%2900029-3" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/s0041-624x(99)00029-3</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ultrasonics&rft.atitle=Large-Scale+Multiple-Scattering+Problems&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=435-462&rft.date=1999-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0041-624x%2899%2900029-3&rft.aulast=Cai&rft.aufirst=L.-W.&rft.au=James+H.+Williams+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw071-77" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw071_77-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFCaiJames_H._Williams_Jr.1999" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Cai, L.-W.; James H. Williams Jr. (November 1999). "Full-Scale Simulations of Elastic Wave Scattering in Fiber-Reinforced Composites". <i>Ultrasonics</i>. <b>37</b> (7): 463–482. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0041-624x%2899%2900030-x" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/s0041-624x(99)00030-x</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ultrasonics&rft.atitle=Full-Scale+Simulations+of+Elastic+Wave+Scattering+in+Fiber-Reinforced+Composites&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=463-482&rft.date=1999-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0041-624x%2899%2900030-x&rft.aulast=Cai&rft.aufirst=L.-W.&rft.au=James+H.+Williams+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw072-78" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw072_78-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFCaiJames_H._Williams_Jr.1999" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Cai, L.-W.; James H. Williams Jr. (November 1999). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_ultrasonics_1999-11_37_7/page/483" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"NDE via Stop Band Formation in Fiber Reinforced Composites Having Square Fiber Arrangements"</a>. <i>Ultrasonics</i>. <b>37</b> (7): 483–492. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0041-624x%2899%2900031-1" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/s0041-624x(99)00031-1</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ultrasonics&rft.atitle=NDE+via+Stop+Band+Formation+in+Fiber+Reinforced+Composites+Having+Square+Fiber+Arrangements&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=483-492&rft.date=1999-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0041-624x%2899%2900031-1&rft.aulast=Cai&rft.aufirst=L.-W.&rft.au=James+H.+Williams+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_ultrasonics_1999-11_37_7%2Fpage%2F483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw073-79" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw073_79-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFCaiJames_H._Williams_Jr.2005" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Cai, L.-W.; James H. Williams Jr. (April 2005). "Transient Wave Ultrasonic Detection of Delaminations in Composite Sandwich Panels". <i>Materials Evaluation</i>. <b>63</b> (4): 434–442.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materials+Evaluation&rft.atitle=Transient+Wave+Ultrasonic+Detection+of+Delaminations+in+Composite+Sandwich+Panels&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=434-442&rft.date=2005-04&rft.aulast=Cai&rft.aufirst=L.-W.&rft.au=James+H.+Williams+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw074-80" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw074_80-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFCaiJames_H._Williams_Jr.2005" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Cai, L.-W.; James H. Williams Jr. (June 2005). "Ultrasonic Detection of Delaminations in Composite Sandwich Panels Having Attenuation". <i>Materials Evaluation</i>. <b>63</b> (6): 657–666.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materials+Evaluation&rft.atitle=Ultrasonic+Detection+of+Delaminations+in+Composite+Sandwich+Panels+Having+Attenuation&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=657-666&rft.date=2005-06&rft.aulast=Cai&rft.aufirst=L.-W.&rft.au=James+H.+Williams+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw075-81" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw075_81-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsS.S._Lee1982" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; S.S. Lee (1982). "Double Cantilever Shear Beam Model of Dynamic Fracture in Duplex Fiber Composites". <i>International Journal of Fracture</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 3–16. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00012488" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/bf00012488</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:136982441" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">136982441</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Fracture&rft.atitle=Double+Cantilever+Shear+Beam+Model+of+Dynamic+Fracture+in+Duplex+Fiber+Composites&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=3-16&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf00012488&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A136982441%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw076-82" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw076_82-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsS.S._Lee1982" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; S.S. Lee (September 1982). "Double Cantilever Shear Beam model of Dynamic Fracture in Unidirectional Fiber Composites". <i>Fibre Science and Technology</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 99–122. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0015-0568%2882%2990039-2" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/0015-0568(82)90039-2</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fibre+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Double+Cantilever+Shear+Beam+model+of+Dynamic+Fracture+in+Unidirectional+Fiber+Composites&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=99-122&rft.date=1982-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0015-0568%2882%2990039-2&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw077-83" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw077_83-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFKousiounelosJames_H._Williams_Jr.1982" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Kousiounelos, P.N.; James H. Williams Jr. (1982). "Dynamic Fracture of Unidirectional Graphite Fiber Composite Strips". <i>International Journal of Fracture</i>. <b>20</b>: 47–63. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00942164" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/bf00942164</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:137142627" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">137142627</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Fracture&rft.atitle=Dynamic+Fracture+of+Unidirectional+Graphite+Fiber+Composite+Strips&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=47-63&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf00942164&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A137142627%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kousiounelos&rft.aufirst=P.N.&rft.au=James+H.+Williams+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw078-84" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw078_84-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsP.N._Kousiounelos1981" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; P.N. Kousiounelos (1981). "Numerical Stability and Convergence Criteria for Equations for Dynamic Fracture in DCB Composite Specimens". <i>Engineering Fracture Mechanics</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 165–170. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0013-7944%2881%2990025-4" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/0013-7944(81)90025-4</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Engineering+Fracture+Mechanics&rft.atitle=Numerical+Stability+and+Convergence+Criteria+for+Equations+for+Dynamic+Fracture+in+DCB+Composite+Specimens&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=165-170&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0013-7944%2881%2990025-4&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=P.N.+Kousiounelos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw079-85" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw079_85-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsS.S._LeeP.N._Kousiounelos1981" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; S.S. Lee; P.N. Kousiounelos (1981). "Dynamic Crack Propagation and Arrest in Orthotropic DCB Fiber Composite Specimens". <i>Engineering Fracture Mechanics</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 427–438. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0013-7944%2881%2990011-4" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/0013-7944(81)90011-4</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Engineering+Fracture+Mechanics&rft.atitle=Dynamic+Crack+Propagation+and+Arrest+in+Orthotropic+DCB+Fiber+Composite+Specimens&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=427-438&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0013-7944%2881%2990011-4&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rft.au=P.N.+Kousiounelos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw080-86" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw080_86-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFKousiounelosJames_H._Williams_Jr.1981" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Kousiounelos, P.N.; James H. Williams Jr. (February 1981). "Approximate Mode I Velocity Correction Factors for 90° Unidirectional Fiber Composites". <i>Fibre Science and Technology</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 91–97. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0015-0568%2881%2990034-8" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/0015-0568(81)90034-8</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fibre+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Approximate+Mode+I+Velocity+Correction+Factors+for+90%C2%B0+Unidirectional+Fiber+Composites&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=91-97&rft.date=1981-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0015-0568%2881%2990034-8&rft.aulast=Kousiounelos&rft.aufirst=P.N.&rft.au=James+H.+Williams+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw081-87" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw081_87-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFKousiounelosJames_H._Williams_Jr.1982" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Kousiounelos, P.N.; James H. Williams Jr. (1982). "Approximate Mode II Velocity Correction Factors for 90° Unidirectional Fiber Composites". <i>Engineering Fracture Mechanics</i>. <b>16</b> (4): 483–496. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0013-7944%2882%2990128-x" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/0013-7944(82)90128-x</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Engineering+Fracture+Mechanics&rft.atitle=Approximate+Mode+II+Velocity+Correction+Factors+for+90%C2%B0+Unidirectional+Fiber+Composites&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=483-496&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0013-7944%2882%2990128-x&rft.aulast=Kousiounelos&rft.aufirst=P.N.&rft.au=James+H.+Williams+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhwJJ1-88" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwJJ1_88-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsE.R.C._MarquesS.S._Lee1986" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; E.R.C. Marques; S.S. Lee (May 1986). "Stress Waves in Transversely Isotropic Media: The Homogeneous Problem". <i>NASA Cr-3977</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NASA+Cr-3977&rft.atitle=Stress+Waves+in+Transversely+Isotropic+Media%3A+The+Homogeneous+Problem&rft.date=1986-05&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=E.R.C.+Marques&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhwJJ2-89" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwJJ2_89-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsE.R.C._MarquesS.S._Lee1986" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; E.R.C. Marques; S.S. Lee (July 1986). "Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Infinite Medium Due to an Oscillatory Point Source with Application to a Unidirectional Composite Material". <i>NASA Cr-4001</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NASA+Cr-4001&rft.atitle=Wave+Propagation+in+Anisotropic+Infinite+Medium+Due+to+an+Oscillatory+Point+Source+with+Application+to+a+Unidirectional+Composite+Material&rft.date=1986-07&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=E.R.C.+Marques&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhwJJ3-90" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwJJ3_90-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsT.P._Liao1987" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; T.P. Liao (1987). "Acousto-Ultrasonic Input-Output Characterization of Unidirectional Fiber Composite Plate by SH Waves". <i>NASA Cr-4087</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NASA+Cr-4087&rft.atitle=Acousto-Ultrasonic+Input-Output+Characterization+of+Unidirectional+Fiber+Composite+Plate+by+SH+Waves&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=T.P.+Liao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhwJJ4-91" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwJJ4_91-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsT.P._Liao1988" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; T.P. Liao (1988). "Acousto-Ultrasonic Input-Output Characterization of Unidirectional Fiber Composite Plate by P Waves". <i>NASA Cr-4162</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NASA+Cr-4162&rft.atitle=Acousto-Ultrasonic+Input-Output+Characterization+of+Unidirectional+Fiber+Composite+Plate+by+P+Waves&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=T.P.+Liao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhwJJ5-92" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwJJ5_92-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsT.P._Liao1988" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; T.P. Liao (1988). "Acousto-Ultrasonic Input-Output Characterization of Unidirectional Fiber Composite Plate by SV Waves". <i>NASA Cr-4152</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NASA+Cr-4152&rft.atitle=Acousto-Ultrasonic+Input-Output+Characterization+of+Unidirectional+Fiber+Composite+Plate+by+SV+Waves&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=T.P.+Liao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhwJJ6-93" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwJJ6_93-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsJ.D._Renneisen1989" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; J.D. Renneisen (1989). "Input-Output Characterization of Fiber Composites by P Waves". <i>NASA Contractor Report</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NASA+Contractor+Report&rft.atitle=Input-Output+Characterization+of+Fiber+Composites+by+P+Waves&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=J.D.+Renneisen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhwJJ7-94" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwJJ7_94-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsJ.D._Renneisen1989" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; J.D. Renneisen (1989). "Input-Output Characterization of Fiber Composites by SH Waves". <i>NASA Contractor Report</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NASA+Contractor+Report&rft.atitle=Input-Output+Characterization+of+Fiber+Composites+by+SH+Waves&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=J.D.+Renneisen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhwJJ8-95" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwJJ8_95-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsJ.D._Renneisen1989" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; J.D. Renneisen (1989). "Input-Output Characterization of Fiber Composites by SV Waves". <i>NASA Contractor Report</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NASA+Contractor+Report&rft.atitle=Input-Output+Characterization+of+Fiber+Composites+by+SV+Waves&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=J.D.+Renneisen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw082-96" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw082_96-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsS.S._Lee1977" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; S.S. Lee (1977). Warren J. McGonnagle (ed.). "Pattern Recognition Characterizations of Micromechanical and Morphological Materials States via Analytical Quantitative Ultrasonics". <i>International Advances in Nondestructive Testing</i>. <b>5</b>: 265–273.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Advances+in+Nondestructive+Testing&rft.atitle=Pattern+Recognition+Characterizations+of+Micromechanical+and+Morphological+Materials+States+via+Analytical+Quantitative+Ultrasonics&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=265-273&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw083-97" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw083_97-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFCimaszewskiH._YimJames_H._Williams_Jr.1995" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Cimaszewski, S.A.; H. Yim; James H. Williams Jr. (1995). "Multiparameter Statistical Determination of Single Fibre Interphase Properties". <i>Ultrasonics</i>. <b>33</b> (5): 403–410. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0041-624x%2895%2900045-5" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/0041-624x(95)00045-5</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ultrasonics&rft.atitle=Multiparameter+Statistical+Determination+of+Single+Fibre+Interphase+Properties&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=403-410&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0041-624x%2895%2900045-5&rft.aulast=Cimaszewski&rft.aufirst=S.A.&rft.au=H.+Yim&rft.au=James+H.+Williams+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw084-98" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw084_98-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol" id="CITEREFWilliams1999" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr. (July 1999). "Prediction of Remaining Useful Life of Aircraft Components Using Nondestructive Inspection Data". <i>Afrl/MLLP</i>. Ohio: Wright Patterson AFB. Final Report.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Afrl%2FMLLP&rft.atitle=Prediction+of+Remaining+Useful+Life+of+Aircraft+Components+Using+Nondestructive+Inspection+Data&rft.volume=Final+Report&rft.date=1999-07&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw085-99" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw085_99-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFNagemJ.M._SengJames_H._Williams_Jr.2000" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Nagem, R.J.; J.M. Seng; James H. Williams Jr. (September 2000). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_materials-evaluation_2000-09_58_9/page/1065" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Residual Life Predictions of Composite Aircraft Structures via Nondestructive Testing, Part 1: Prediction Methodology and Nondestructive Testing"</a>. <i>Materials Evaluation</i>. <b>58</b> (9): 1065–1074.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materials+Evaluation&rft.atitle=Residual+Life+Predictions+of+Composite+Aircraft+Structures+via+Nondestructive+Testing%2C+Part+1%3A+Prediction+Methodology+and+Nondestructive+Testing&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1065-1074&rft.date=2000-09&rft.aulast=Nagem&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rft.au=J.M.+Seng&rft.au=James+H.+Williams+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_materials-evaluation_2000-09_58_9%2Fpage%2F1065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw086-100" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw086_100-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFNagemJ.M._SengJames_H._Williams_Jr.2000" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Nagem, R.J.; J.M. Seng; James H. Williams Jr. (November 2000). "Residual Life Predictions of Composite Aircraft Structures via Nondestructive Testing, Part 2: Degradation Modeling and Residual Life Prediction". <i>Materials Evaluation</i>. <b>58</b> (11): 1310–1319.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materials+Evaluation&rft.atitle=Residual+Life+Predictions+of+Composite+Aircraft+Structures+via+Nondestructive+Testing%2C+Part+2%3A+Degradation+Modeling+and+Residual+Life+Prediction&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1310-1319&rft.date=2000-11&rft.aulast=Nagem&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rft.au=J.M.+Seng&rft.au=James+H.+Williams+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw087-101" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw087_101-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsS.S._Lee1982" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; S.S. Lee (July 1982). "Acoustic Emission/Rupture Load Characterizations of Double-Braided Nylon Rope". <i>Marine Technology</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Technology&rft.atitle=Acoustic+Emission%2FRupture+Load+Characterizations+of+Double-Braided+Nylon+Rope&rft.date=1982-07&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw088-102" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw088_102-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsJ._HainsworthS.S._Lee1984" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; J. Hainsworth; S.S. Lee (1984). "Acoustic-Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation of Double-Braided Nylon Ropes Using the Stress Wave Factor". <i>Fibre Science and Technology</i>. <b>21</b> (3): 169–180. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0015-0568%2884%2990012-5" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/0015-0568(84)90012-5</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fibre+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Acoustic-Ultrasonic+Nondestructive+Evaluation+of+Double-Braided+Nylon+Ropes+Using+the+Stress+Wave+Factor&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=169-180&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0015-0568%2884%2990012-5&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=J.+Hainsworth&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw089-103" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw089_103-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsJ.M._ConnollyK.M._MalekS.S._Lee1984" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; J.M. Connolly; K.M. Malek; S.S. Lee (1984). "Ultrasonic Wave Velocity in Double-Braided Nylon Rope". <i>Fibre Science and Technology</i>. <b>21</b> (1): 41–57. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0015-0568%2884%2990064-2" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/0015-0568(84)90064-2</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fibre+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Ultrasonic+Wave+Velocity+in+Double-Braided+Nylon+Rope&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41-57&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0015-0568%2884%2990064-2&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=J.M.+Connolly&rft.au=K.M.+Malek&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw090-104" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw090_104-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsA.U._KuehnleS.S._Lee1985" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; A.U. Kuehnle; S.S. Lee (1985). "Identification of Damage Levels in Synthetic Rope by Ultrasonic Spectral Pattern Recognition". <i>Report to US Navy</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Report+to+US+Navy&rft.atitle=Identification+of+Damage+Levels+in+Synthetic+Rope+by+Ultrasonic+Spectral+Pattern+Recognition&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=A.U.+Kuehnle&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw091-105" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw091_105-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliams1977" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr. (January 1977). "Designing Earthquake-Resistant Structures". <i>NTA Journal</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 38–44.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NTA+Journal&rft.atitle=Designing+Earthquake-Resistant+Structures&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=38-44&rft.date=1977-01&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhwLL1-106" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwLL1_106-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFCrandallS.S._LeeJames_H._Williams_Jr.1974" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Crandall, S.H.; S.S. Lee; James H. Williams Jr. (December 1974). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-applied-mechanics_1974-12_41_4/page/1094" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Accumulated Slip of a Friction-Controlled Mass Excited by Earthquake Motions"</a>. <i>Journal of Applied Mechanics</i>. <b>41</b> (4): 1094–1098. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974JAM....41.1094C" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1974JAM....41.1094C</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1115%2F1.3423440" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1115/1.3423440</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Mechanics&rft.atitle=Accumulated+Slip+of+a+Friction-Controlled+Mass+Excited+by+Earthquake+Motions&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1094-1098&rft.date=1974-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1115%2F1.3423440&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974JAM....41.1094C&rft.aulast=Crandall&rft.aufirst=S.H.&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rft.au=James+H.+Williams+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-applied-mechanics_1974-12_41_4%2Fpage%2F1094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw092-107" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw092_107-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsR.J._Nagem1987" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; R.J. Nagem (August 1987). "Wave Propagation in Large Space Structures". <i>Proceedings of the Fifth AFOSR Forum on Space Structures</i>. Monterey, California.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Fifth+AFOSR+Forum+on+Space+Structures&rft.atitle=Wave+Propagation+in+Large+Space+Structures&rft.date=1987-08&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=R.J.+Nagem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw093-108" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw093_108-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFNagemJames_H._Williams_Jr.1989" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Nagem, R.J.; James H. Williams Jr. (1989). "Dynamic Failure and Arrest in Large Space Structures". <i>Mechanics of Structures and Machines</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 53–72. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F089054508915629" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1080/089054508915629</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mechanics+of+Structures+and+Machines&rft.atitle=Dynamic+Failure+and+Arrest+in+Large+Space+Structures&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-72&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F089054508915629&rft.aulast=Nagem&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rft.au=James+H.+Williams+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw094-109" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw094_109-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFNagemJames_H._Williams_Jr.1989" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Nagem, R.J.; James H. Williams Jr. (1989). "Dynamic Analysis of Large Space Structures Using Transfer Matrices and Joint Coupling Matrices". <i>Mechanics of Structures and Machines</i>. <b>17</b> (3): 349–371. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F089054508915646" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1080/089054508915646</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mechanics+of+Structures+and+Machines&rft.atitle=Dynamic+Analysis+of+Large+Space+Structures+Using+Transfer+Matrices+and+Joint+Coupling+Matrices&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=349-371&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F089054508915646&rft.aulast=Nagem&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rft.au=James+H.+Williams+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw095-110" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw095_110-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFNagemJames_H._Williams_Jr.1990" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Nagem, R.J.; James H. Williams Jr. (1990). "Control of One-Dimensional Distributed Structure Based on Wave Propagation Analysis". <i>Mechanics of Structures and Machines</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 33–57. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08905459008915658" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1080/08905459008915658</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mechanics+of+Structures+and+Machines&rft.atitle=Control+of+One-Dimensional+Distributed+Structure+Based+on+Wave+Propagation+Analysis&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-57&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08905459008915658&rft.aulast=Nagem&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rft.au=James+H.+Williams+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw096-111" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw096_111-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFKuehnleJames_H._Williams_Jr.1990" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Kuehnle, A.E.; James H. Williams Jr. (1990). "Control of Longitudinal Waves in Rod with Voigt Damping, Mechanics of Structures and Machines". <i>Mechanics of Structures and Machines</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 335–351.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mechanics+of+Structures+and+Machines&rft.atitle=Control+of+Longitudinal+Waves+in+Rod+with+Voigt+Damping%2C+Mechanics+of+Structures+and+Machines&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=335-351&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Kuehnle&rft.aufirst=A.E.&rft.au=James+H.+Williams+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw097-112" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw097_112-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFNagemJames_H._Williams_Jr.1994" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Nagem, R.J.; James H. Williams Jr. (1994). "Scattering of Nondispersive Waves at Nonlinear Joints in One-Dimensional Structures". <i>Mechanics of Structures and Machines</i>. <b>22</b> (3): 305–326. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08905459408905215" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1080/08905459408905215</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mechanics+of+Structures+and+Machines&rft.atitle=Scattering+of+Nondispersive+Waves+at+Nonlinear+Joints+in+One-Dimensional+Structures&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=305-326&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08905459408905215&rft.aulast=Nagem&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rft.au=James+H.+Williams+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw098-113" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw098_113-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFNagemJames_H._Williams_Jr.1994" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Nagem, R.J.; James H. Williams Jr. (1994). "Reflection and Transmission of Random Disturbances at Joints in One-Dimensional Structures". <i>Mechanics of Structures and Machines</i>. <b>22</b> (3): 327–342. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08905459408905216" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1080/08905459408905216</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mechanics+of+Structures+and+Machines&rft.atitle=Reflection+and+Transmission+of+Random+Disturbances+at+Joints+in+One-Dimensional+Structures&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=327-342&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08905459408905216&rft.aulast=Nagem&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rft.au=James+H.+Williams+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhwSAT1-114" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwSAT1_114-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFJones1980" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Jones, Yolanda (2 September 1980). "Newport News Native Studies Stress Sounds". <i>Daily Press</i>. p. 10.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Press&rft.atitle=Newport+News+Native+Studies+Stress+Sounds&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1980-09-02&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Yolanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw099-115" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw099_115-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">"Silly Season at M.I.T.". <i>Science Digest</i>: 72–76. July 1974.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Digest&rft.atitle=Silly+Season+at+M.I.T.&rft.pages=72-76&rft.date=1974-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw100-116" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw100_116-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20066091,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Prof. Williams Spins His Wheels and Comes Up with a Colossal, Working Yo-yo"</a>. <i>People</i>. <b>5</b> (3): 39. 26 January 1976.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People&rft.atitle=Prof.+Williams+Spins+His+Wheels+and+Comes+Up+with+a+Colossal%2C+Working+Yo-yo&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=39&rft.date=1976-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.com%2Fpeople%2Farchive%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C20066091%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw101-117" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw101_117-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFAbrahmsSheila_Eby1982" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Abrahms, Sally; Sheila Eby (Fall–Winter 1982). "The Men of Boston". <i>Playboy Fashion</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 85.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Playboy+Fashion&rft.atitle=The+Men+of+Boston&rft.ssn=fall&rft.chron=fall%E2%80%93winter&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=85&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Abrahms&rft.aufirst=Sally&rft.au=Sheila+Eby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw102-118" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw102_118-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFShurkin1983" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Shurkin, Joel (June 1983). "Science and Casual". <i>L'Uomo Vogue</i>: 72–137.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Uomo+Vogue&rft.atitle=Science+and+Casual&rft.pages=72-137&rft.date=1983-06&rft.aulast=Shurkin&rft.aufirst=Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhwWF14-119" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwWF14_119-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFHatfield1982" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hatfield, Julie (29 April 1982). "Fashionable 'Men of Boston' hop to Playboy's photo call". <i>Boston Globe</i>. p. 45.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Fashionable+%27Men+of+Boston%27+hop+to+Playboy%27s+photo+call&rft.pages=45&rft.date=1982-04-29&rft.aulast=Hatfield&rft.aufirst=Julie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhwWF15-120" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwWF15_120-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">"Natty Prof. Williams may be one of Playboy's 'Men of Boston". <i>MIT Tech Talk</i>. Vol. 26, no. 35. p. 3.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+Tech+Talk&rft.atitle=Natty+Prof.+Williams+may+be+one+of+Playboy%27s+%27Men+of+Boston&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=35&rft.pages=3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw104-121" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw104_121-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliams1992" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr. (10 May 1992). "Ask Marilyn [letter quotation]". <i>Parade</i>: 6.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parade&rft.atitle=Ask+Marilyn+%5Bletter+quotation%5D&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1992-05-10&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhwKK1-122" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwKK1_122-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine cs1" id="CITEREFSternberg2013" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Sternberg, J. (14 November 2013). <a class="external text" href="http://digiday.com/publishers/parades-digital-transition" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Parade Slowly Marches Into the Digital Era"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digiday" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Digiday">Digiday</a></i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Digiday&rft.atitle=Parade+Slowly+Marches+Into+the+Digital+Era&rft.date=2013-11-14&rft.aulast=Sternberg&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigiday.com%2Fpublishers%2Fparades-digital-transition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw105-123" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw105_123-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">"Johnson, Schroeder, Williams are Appointed as First Edgerton Assistant Professors". <i>MIT Tech Talk</i>. 9 January 1974.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+Tech+Talk&rft.atitle=Johnson%2C+Schroeder%2C+Williams+are+Appointed+as+First+Edgerton+Assistant+Professors&rft.date=1974-01-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw106-124" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw106_124-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliams1978" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr. (June 1978). "Development and Evaluation of Mechanized Equipment for Installation of the Recessed Reflective Marker Delineation System". <i>U.S. Department of Transportation, Office of Research and Development (Technical Report)</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+Transportation%2C+Office+of+Research+and+Development+%28Technical+Report%29&rft.atitle=Development+and+Evaluation+of+Mechanized+Equipment+for+Installation+of+the+Recessed+Reflective+Marker+Delineation+System&rft.date=1978-06&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw107-125" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw107_125-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliams1975" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr. (December 1975). "Seismic Analysis of Bus and Support Systems". <i>British Columbia Hydro-Mica Dam Project</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Columbia+Hydro-Mica+Dam+Project&rft.atitle=Seismic+Analysis+of+Bus+and+Support+Systems&rft.date=1975-12&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw108-126" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw108_126-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliams1990" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr. (April 1990). "Design, Materials and Mechanical Characterization of Overbraided Composite Rocket Motors". <i>Naval Ordnance Station (Indian Head, Maryland)</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naval+Ordnance+Station+%28Indian+Head%2C+Maryland%29&rft.atitle=Design%2C+Materials+and+Mechanical+Characterization+of+Overbraided+Composite+Rocket+Motors&rft.date=1990-04&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw015-127" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw015_127-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol" id="CITEREFWilliams1999" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr. (July 1999). "Prediction of Remaining Useful Life of Aircraft Components Using Nondestructive Inspection Data". <i>AFRL/MLLP Final Report (Wright Patterson AFB)</i>. OH 45433-7817.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AFRL%2FMLLP+Final+Report+%28Wright+Patterson+AFB%29&rft.atitle=Prediction+of+Remaining+Useful+Life+of+Aircraft+Components+Using+Nondestructive+Inspection+Data&rft.volume=OH+45433-7817&rft.date=1999-07&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw109-128" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw109_128-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliams1972" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr. (July 1972). "Stress and Dynamic Calculations for Rotary Disk Shutters". <i>Report to AVCO-Everett</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Report+to+AVCO-Everett&rft.atitle=Stress+and+Dynamic+Calculations+for+Rotary+Disk+Shutters&rft.date=1972-07&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw110-129" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw110_129-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliams1975" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr. (March 1975). "Stresses of Implants". <i>Report to Hip and Implant Surgery Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Report+to+Hip+and+Implant+Surgery+Unit%2C+Massachusetts+General+Hospital&rft.atitle=Stresses+of+Implants&rft.date=1975-03&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw111-130" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw111_130-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsS.S._LeeE.R._Lang1984" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; S.S. Lee; E.R. Lang (September 1984). "Effects of Ultrasonic Irradiation on the Enhancement of Composite Processing". <i>Report to GM Manufacturing and Development</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Report+to+GM+Manufacturing+and+Development&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Ultrasonic+Irradiation+on+the+Enhancement+of+Composite+Processing&rft.date=1984-09&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rft.au=E.R.+Lang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw113-131" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw113_131-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliams1984" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr. (December 1984). "Material and Nondestructive Evaluation Characterizations of Fiber Reinforced Polymeric Composites for Deepwater Mooring Systems". <i>Report to Conoco, Inc</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Report+to+Conoco%2C+Inc.&rft.atitle=Material+and+Nondestructive+Evaluation+Characterizations+of+Fiber+Reinforced+Polymeric+Composites+for+Deepwater+Mooring+Systems&rft.date=1984-12&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw114-132" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw114_132-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsS.S._Lee1985" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; S.S. Lee (February 1985). "Proceedings of the Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering Conference (Dallas, Texas)".</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Proceedings+of+the+Offshore+Mechanics+and+Arctic+Engineering+Conference+%28Dallas%2C+Texas%29&rft.date=1985-02&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw115-133" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw115_133-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsM.M._SalamaR.M._VennettS.S._Lee1985" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; M.M. Salama; R.M. Vennett; S.S. Lee (February 1985). "Materials for Lightweight Mooring System for Deepwater Compliant Structures". <i>Proceedings of the Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering Conference (Dallas, Texas)</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Offshore+Mechanics+and+Arctic+Engineering+Conference+%28Dallas%2C+Texas%29&rft.atitle=Materials+for+Lightweight+Mooring+System+for+Deepwater+Compliant+Structures&rft.date=1985-02&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=M.M.+Salama&rft.au=R.M.+Vennett&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhwDD-134" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhwDD_134-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliamsS.S._Lee1981" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr.; S.S. Lee (1981). "Nondestructive Evaluation of Automotive Composite Leaf Spring". <i>WEA (Cambridge, Massachusetts)</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WEA+%28Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts%29&rft.atitle=Nondestructive+Evaluation+of+Automotive+Composite+Leaf+Spring&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft.au=S.S.+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw003-135" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw003_135-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFWilliams1991" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr. (March 1991). <a class="external text" href="https://mit.edu/fnl/vol/archives/fnl35.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Dilemmas, Colonialism, and Protest"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>MIT Faculty Newsletter</i>. <b>III</b> (5): 9.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+Faculty+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Dilemmas%2C+Colonialism%2C+and+Protest&rft.volume=III&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1991-03&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmit.edu%2Ffnl%2Fvol%2Farchives%2Ffnl35.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw123-136" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw123_136-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw123_136-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFFlint1991" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Flint, Anthony (3 April 1991). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131207043400/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-7654004.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Black professor to protest at MIT by fasting"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>. p. 19. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-7654004.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 7 December 2013.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Black+professor+to+protest+at+MIT+by+fasting&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1991-04-03&rft.aulast=Flint&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-7654004.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw004-137" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw004_137-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFNegri1991" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Negri, Gloria (4 April 1991). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160301043924/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-7654160.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"MIT professor protests shortage of black faculty"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-7654160.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 1 March 2016.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=MIT+professor+protests+shortage+of+black+faculty&rft.date=1991-04-04&rft.aulast=Negri&rft.aufirst=Gloria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-7654160.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw124-138" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw124_138-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">"Tenured MIT professor fasting in protest". <i>The Enterprise</i>. 4 April 1991. p. 48.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Enterprise&rft.atitle=Tenured+MIT+professor+fasting+in+protest&rft.pages=48&rft.date=1991-04-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw125-139" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw125_139-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFDi_Iorio1991" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Di Iorio, Robert C. (10 April 1991). "Williams' Protest Draws Wide Press Attention". <i>MIT Tech Talk</i>. p. 1.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+Tech+Talk&rft.atitle=Williams%27+Protest+Draws+Wide+Press+Attention&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1991-04-10&rft.aulast=Di+Iorio&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw126-140" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw126_140-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFMulvihill1991" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Mulvihill, Maggie (4 April 1991). "Black MIT Professor fasts to protest racism". <i>Portland (Maine) Press Herald</i>. AP.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Portland+%28Maine%29+Press+Herald&rft.atitle=Black+MIT+Professor+fasts+to+protest+racism&rft.date=1991-04-04&rft.aulast=Mulvihill&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw127-141" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw127_141-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFBlum1991" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Blum, Debra E. (10 April 1991). "Black Professor Starts Weekly Fast to Criticize MIT's Minority Efforts". <i>Chronicle of Higher Education</i>. p. A16.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Black+Professor+Starts+Weekly+Fast+to+Criticize+MIT%27s+Minority+Efforts&rft.pages=A16&rft.date=1991-04-10&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=Debra+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw128-142" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw128_142-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_jet_1991-04-29_80_2/page/23" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"MIT Prof. Fasts to Protest Minorities' Status There"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_(magazine)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jet (magazine)">Jet</a></i>: 23. 29 April 1991.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jet&rft.atitle=MIT+Prof.+Fasts+to+Protest+Minorities%27+Status+There&rft.pages=23&rft.date=1991-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_jet_1991-04-29_80_2%2Fpage%2F23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw129-143" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw129_143-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFClark1991" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Clark, Josh (11 April 1991). "News Notes: No Food for Thought". <i>Harvard Independent</i>. p. 7.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Independent&rft.atitle=News+Notes%3A+No+Food+for+Thought&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1991-04-11&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Josh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw130-144" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw130_144-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFUche1991" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Uche, Nena (25 April 1991). "Professor declares victory in protest of MIT climate". <i>Bay State Banner</i>. p. 2.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bay+State+Banner&rft.atitle=Professor+declares+victory+in+protest+of+MIT+climate&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1991-04-25&rft.aulast=Uche&rft.aufirst=Nena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw131-145" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw131_145-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFLamberti1991" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Lamberti, Andrea (26 April 1991). <a class="external text" href="http://tech.mit.edu/V111/N22/prot.22n.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Students gather in show of support for Williams' protest"</a>. <i>The Tech</i>. p. 1.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tech&rft.atitle=Students+gather+in+show+of+support+for+Williams%27+protest&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1991-04-26&rft.aulast=Lamberti&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech.mit.edu%2FV111%2FN22%2Fprot.22n.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw133-146" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw133_146-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFBall1991" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Ball, Charles H. (25 September 1991). "Program Is Adopted To Add Minority Faculty". <i>MIT Tech Talk</i>. p. 1.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+Tech+Talk&rft.atitle=Program+Is+Adopted+To+Add+Minority+Faculty&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1991-09-25&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw134-147" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw134_147-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFShim1991" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Shim, Katherine (27 September 1991). <a class="external text" href="http://tech.mit.edu/V111/N38/min.38n.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Minority Faculty Sought"</a>. <i>The Tech</i>. p. 1.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tech&rft.atitle=Minority+Faculty+Sought&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1991-09-27&rft.aulast=Shim&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech.mit.edu%2FV111%2FN38%2Fmin.38n.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw135-148" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw135_148-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw135_148-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw135_148-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://mit.edu/jhwill/www/Flight587.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Flight 587"</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flight+587&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmit.edu%2Fjhwill%2Fwww%2FFlight587.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw137-149" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw137_149-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw137_149-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFWilliams2002" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr. (29 July 2002). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409161855/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-89821735.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Guest Column: Crash Should Prompt a Change in Composite Inspection Philosophy"</a>. <i>Air Safety Week</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-89821735.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 9 April 2016.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+Safety+Week&rft.atitle=Guest+Column%3A+Crash+Should+Prompt+a+Change+in+Composite+Inspection+Philosophy&rft.date=2002-07-29&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-89821735.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw012-150" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw012_150-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw012_150-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw012_150-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine cs1" id="CITEREFRose2002" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Rose, David (September 2002). "Pilot Terror". <i>Vanity Fair</i>. No. 505. p. 212.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanity+Fair&rft.atitle=Pilot+Terror&rft.issue=505&rft.pages=212&rft.date=2002-09&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw013-151" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw013_151-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw013_151-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw013_151-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFRose2005" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Rose, David (12 March 2005). <a class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2005/mar/13/theairlineindustry.internationalnews" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"What made an Airbus rudder snap in mid-air?"</a>. <i>The Observer</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=What+made+an+Airbus+rudder+snap+in+mid-air%3F&rft.date=2005-03-12&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2005%2Fmar%2F13%2Ftheairlineindustry.internationalnews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw014-152" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw014_152-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw014_152-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFWilliams2002" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr. (5 August 2002). "Airbus's Fatal Flaws?". <i>ABC News Tonight (TV appearance)</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News+Tonight+%28TV+appearance%29&rft.atitle=Airbus%27s+Fatal+Flaws%3F&rft.date=2002-08-05&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw136-153" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw136_153-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw136_153-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFWilliams2002" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr. (6 May 2002). <a class="external text" href="http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2002-05-06/news/0205060244_1_airbus-vertical-stabilizer-composite-materials" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Closer inspection of a flight risk"</a>. <i>Baltimore Sun</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=Closer+inspection+of+a+flight+risk&rft.date=2002-05-06&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.baltimoresun.com%2F2002-05-06%2Fnews%2F0205060244_1_airbus-vertical-stabilizer-composite-materials&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw142-154" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw142_154-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw142_154-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFWilliams2002" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr. (6 August 2002). "ABC World News Now (TV appearance)".</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=ABC+World+News+Now+%28TV+appearance%29&rft.date=2002-08-06&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw138-155" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw138_155-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFWilliams2003" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr. (3 July 2003). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409224824/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-7731362.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Letter: Inspection of Aircraft Parts"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-7731362.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 9 April 2016.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Letter%3A+Inspection+of+Aircraft+Parts&rft.date=2003-07-03&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-7731362.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw139-156" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw139_156-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFThomson" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Thomson, Elizabeth A. <a class="external text" href="http://mit.edu/newsoffice/2002/handt-0313.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Airbus Flaws?"</a>. MIT News: Here & There.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Airbus+Flaws%3F&rft.pub=MIT+News%3A+Here+%26+There&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmit.edu%2Fnewsoffice%2F2002%2Fhandt-0313.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw140-157" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw140_157-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw140_157-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFSales2002" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Sales, R.J. (8 May 2002). "Flight risk of Airbus's A300-600 jet needs closer inspection, says prof". <i>MIT Tech Talk</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+Tech+Talk&rft.atitle=Flight+risk+of+Airbus%27s+A300-600+jet+needs+closer+inspection%2C+says+prof&rft.date=2002-05-08&rft.aulast=Sales&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw141-158" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw141_158-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFWilliams2002" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Williams, James H. Jr. (7 February 2002). "Materials Used May Have Caused Crash—Airbus: Visual Inspection Flaw?". <i>WNBC-TV Evening News (appearance)</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WNBC-TV+Evening+News+%28appearance%29&rft.atitle=Materials+Used+May+Have+Caused+Crash%E2%80%94Airbus%3A+Visual+Inspection+Flaw%3F&rft.date=2002-02-07&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+H.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw143-159" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw143_159-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw143_159-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ntsb.gov/news/2006/060324.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"NTSB Urges Inspections of Certain Airbus A300 Rudders"</a>. <i>NTSB Safety Recommendation A-06-27 and A-06-28</i>. 24 March 2006.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NTSB+Safety+Recommendation+A-06-27+and+A-06-28&rft.atitle=NTSB+Urges+Inspections+of+Certain+Airbus+A300+Rudders&rft.date=2006-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntsb.gov%2Fnews%2F2006%2F060324.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+H.+Williams+Jr."></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jhw145-160" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Williams_Jr.#cite_ref-jhw145_160-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://startelegram.typepad.com/sky_talk/2007/12/rigorous-airbus.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Sky Talk: Rigorous Airbus Rudder Checks Now Required"</a>. <i>Star-Telegram</i>. 19 December 2007.</span></li></ol><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">___________________________________________________________________________________</div><div><ul id="footer-info" style="font-size: 16px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li id="footer-info-lastmod" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; padding: 0.5em 0px;">This page was last edited by Wikipedia® on 9 March 2023, at 01:14<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li><li id="footer-info-copyright" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; padding: 0.5em 0px;">Text is available under the <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" rel="license" style="background: none; color: #faa700; outline-color: rgb(51, 102, 204);">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0</a>; additional terms may apply. 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Ramsom - Engineer, MIT Graduate, Military Leader/Tuskegee Airmen<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #00b050; line-height: 107%;"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiiq9RY-fjzcfzJlaLanmFAf7AIxNKn3W1QhflGXnmbwRgo15yrLBXouSdU-cUW04HvWFY5XvjlA0481FVsSt8Qif8b3T5LhdUduZF_35Mc8o6RLZ9PXGC922Mk5gwWIfWhy9Zf_ZVEO8M2h0BId0maP16_ncfkXHifk5A6OrTN8vhoXxJl5Ept91Zu-A" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="231" data-original-width="178" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiiq9RY-fjzcfzJlaLanmFAf7AIxNKn3W1QhflGXnmbwRgo15yrLBXouSdU-cUW04HvWFY5XvjlA0481FVsSt8Qif8b3T5LhdUduZF_35Mc8o6RLZ9PXGC922Mk5gwWIfWhy9Zf_ZVEO8M2h0BId0maP16_ncfkXHifk5A6OrTN8vhoXxJl5Ept91Zu-A" width="185" /></a> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg5pAPRzBkD-jKYhsX5mR5gSwBDXBvDQ2qndhMzvlEPqxbFsvPtIXUX-n2H2wVhvqPauKzyDATdZsIFd4hvN9cYrH5Cd_VNFHZS4VdyPmPE7gc4x1W997yTl5TnFs5EhFnESAk19r_h3n79c-3wRKXc7kZq_yUV9pzDfigkFWcUWwmLIZEDPFNITyLgRw" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="228" data-original-width="190" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg5pAPRzBkD-jKYhsX5mR5gSwBDXBvDQ2qndhMzvlEPqxbFsvPtIXUX-n2H2wVhvqPauKzyDATdZsIFd4hvN9cYrH5Cd_VNFHZS4VdyPmPE7gc4x1W997yTl5TnFs5EhFnESAk19r_h3n79c-3wRKXc7kZq_yUV9pzDfigkFWcUWwmLIZEDPFNITyLgRw" width="200" /></a></div><br /></b></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><b><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></b></p><b><span style="font-size: large;"><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: large;">Victor L. Ransom</span></span></b></div></span><br /></b><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">b. 1924 - 2022, SB 1948 (electrical engineering) MIT, MS 1952
(electrical engineering) Case Institute of Technology; graduate study in
mathematics and statistics, New York University, 1956-1959; joined Bell
Laboratories in 1953 as member of technical staff (MTS); supervisor, 1965-1975;
department head, Operator Services Department, 1975- 1982, and Switching
Systems Studies, 1983-1984; division manager, Network Switching Technology,
Bellcore, 1984- 1988; owner, Systems for Special Needs, 1988- ; adjunct
faculty, Newark College of Engineering and New Jersey Institute of Technology;
president, Telephone Pioneers of America Council, Bellcore and Bell
Laboratories; holder of two US patents.</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/5038/chapter/2977064/VICTOR-L-RANSOM<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Based on
your letter asking about things that might be of interest to the archives that
you’re generating, I gathered up for you several articles that I had written
for Bell Laboratories publications. Bell produced two periodicals, one was the
BSTJ, a technical journal, and the other was the Record, which was directed
more to a popular technical audience. Among the material that I have brought is
a copy of the Record in which my picture was used on the cover. In the issue, I
was writing about the system I had worked on. It was a system that at the time
was considered to be “new art” and so was of considerable general interest to
people in the company. The transistor had recently been invented at the Lab and
the management was making a big effort to use transistors in all their systems.
Ours was a system built around transistors and digital products. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">In the late
’60s, an effort was made by the company to show blacks in their various roles
in the laboratory. One of the pictures which I have given you was used
repeatedly. In fact, it was used in the annual report for AT&T and was also
placed on the wall at 195 Broadway, AT&T headquarters. I used to amuse
myself, since I went there often for meetings, by checking to see if the
picture was still on the wall. I said, “Well, if it’s still there, I must still
have a job. As soon as they take it down, I know they’re going to get rid of
me.” As I said, the picture appeared in a number of places. The copy that came
up when I reached for materials was a booklet that talked about educational
opportunities at Bell Laboratories. In it, there is a full-page picture of me.
I’m explaining how a piece of measuring equipment that we use would function. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Among the
articles I have given you also is the most recent that I’ve written, which was
published in an encyclopedia. About the time I retired, I became interested, as
a result of volunteer work with the Telephone Pioneers, in technology for
people who have various types of disabilities. In fact, in the last year, when
I knew I would be retiring, I gave up my management job and began working on
applications that might be of interest to the operating companies on the use of
technology for people who are disabled. I used that as an opportunity to teach
myself a lot about what was happening in that field. A friend of mine who was
writing this encyclopedia on telecommunications asked if I could produce an
article that he might use in this general area. I wrote this article entitled
“Communication Aids for People with Special Needs,”for the encyclopedia. The
piece with written with an associate of mine who had been working with me in
this area, Laura Redmann. The paper surveys applications of computers to
communication for people who are disabled in one way or another. I’ve been
involved in that field since I’ve been retired. I also teach a course at New
Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) on the application of computers to people
who are disabled.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">There’s a
story that goes along with that. The shorter version of it is that the program
was started more or less as a pilot program at NJIT to teach students in the
technician area about “rehabilitation engineering.” The government funded it in
such a way that it was popular. I believe it paid tuition and bought books for
students in the program. I was brought into the program to develop and teach
this course on computer applications. I taught once under the program. Sadly, there
was an implosion in the number of students who entered the program and funding
for the program ended. I went on to teach other courses and we are now offering
the course again this fall to see if there’s enough remaining interest. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The field of
rehabilitation technology has been a source of continuing interest for me.
Besides the training program I just mentioned, the federal government also
developed a program to make people more aware of assistive technology. The term
“assistive” is generally used instead of “rehabilitation.” The name applies to
a whole range of technology, from wheelchairs to aids for persons who are
visually impaired to types of specially adapted environmental controls. Under
the federal government program, on the order of five hundred million dollars
over five years was allocated to the states to come up with programs to
increase public awareness of assistive technology and to help people obtain the
technology.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">I was active
with a group to try to bring the program to New Jersey. We have had the program
now for a number of years. It’s called TARP (Technology Assisted Resource
Program). I am on the State Council for the program. What they try to do is to
provide resource centers where people who have the need for equipment can come
see it and try it out, and also to work across a broad range of problems that
people have with getting and using equipment. Usually, the major problem is
that people who need the technology can’t get funded. Medicaid has never heard
of the equipment or doesn’t think they can fund it. So TARP works with a group
of legal people to help to resolve these kinds of problems, and I’m still
active in that effort.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">I think I
explained how I got involved in this work. It was when I was with Bell
Laboratories, toward the end of that career—or was it the middle somewhere? I
know at the time I was a department head. The management at that time very
actively supported a community service group called the Telephone Pioneers, a
volunteer group that existed throughout the Bell system. We were encouraged in
the management to play a leadership role. Your boss might say, “It would be
nice if you would run for vice president or president in our location’s
Pioneers Council.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> I came into the Pioneers in that way. I was
intrigued by the fact that one of the more interesting things that Pioneers at
Bell Labs did was to develop communication aids. I was always surprised,
though, that there wasn’t a greater involvement within the Lab in that aspect
of the Pioneers’ work. I particularly wanted to become involved in that aspect
of their work because it tied into my engineering, and I was anxious to do
something that would help people who are disabled. This interest came about in
large part because my son has schizophrenia. That’s a mental illness that’s not
well understood. The people who work in that area are largely psychiatrists and
psychologists, and I’m not that. But the encounter with a disability increases
your sensitivity to the special needs of people with disabilities, and I
thought this was an area in which I could be relevant. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">So I began
working in this area with other volunteers at Bell Laboratories, and later at
Bellcore, when I was transferred there. One thing I noticed as I worked with
this group was that we had a “not-invented-here” approach. That was
characteristic of the Laboratories people at that time. If it wasn’t in the
Bell Systems, then it didn’t exist. So when we were told about someone who had
a particular need, we went out and designed and built our own equipment. But
over time I became aware of the fact there was a very substantial field already
existing of people building equipment. A lot of them would be businesses that
would start and then fail because there wasn’t a general awareness of the
availability of this technology. So when I knew I would be retiring, I thought,
“That’s a fun area to work in and I ought to learn more about the field.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">That’s when
I took off the year and, among other things, I joined the RESNA—which used to
stand for the Rehabilitation Engineering Society of North America, but the
group no longer appeals only to engineers but to a broad range of persons
working in the field. In addition to joining this group and attending their
conferences and workshops, I took a course—at the TRACE Center at the
University of Wisconsin—concerned with the application of computers and controls
for disabled persons. I then changed my job at Bellcore to work on identifying
an area that Bell operating companies could change to offer better service to
disabled persons. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">After I
retired, I formed a small company called Systems for Special Needs. Under the
company name, I have designed environmental control equipment which is used to
a limited degree at one of the hospitals in New York. I still remain in touch
with the hospital’s staff and continue to do some occasional design work for
them. The company has provided me, along with my teaching, with a considerable
source of satisfaction and entertainment. I have found that it is more useful
to deal as a company rather than an individual, so the company still exists
even though my profits are small. I pay my occasional taxes and make occasional
earnings. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">In the
company and teaching, my other effort in the assistive technology field is a
bit of voluntary work with a resource center in my community, the Tech
Connection, whose principal focus is providing opportunities for disabled
persons and their families to learn and use various types of assistive
technology. So that’s largely where I have been since I retired.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><u><span style="color: #00b050; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">One of the things that I think would be very helpful is to talk
a little bit about your family and your early precollege experience. Some of
the highlights of that period I think would be good. <o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">I was born
in New York City. My mother was a teacher in the New York City school system.
She was an intellectual and aware of what was going on in the world. My father
was primarily a writer. He wrote in newspapers and at one time became a
photographer. He went to Fordham College and Fordham Law School and completed
both programs, earning an LL.B. degree, but he never practiced law. It was a
very difficult time in the early years of the Depression, but because my mother
was a teacher we were moderately comfortable. She went to Howard University and
knew all the people down there. Her family, the Flagg family, came from
Washington, DC. Her sister was one of the founders of AKA, the Alpha Kappa
Alpha sorority at Howard. My parents were part of an interesting and wide-awake
group called the Harlem Renaissance.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">I don’t
think that I did terribly well in elementary school. I just remember it as a
grim, uninteresting experience, with my mother desperately trying to teach me
to spell. But toward the end of junior high school, I began to be a little more
scholarly and became interested in school. As a result of my mother’s drawing
it to my attention, I took the examination to go to Stuyvesant High School, a
special school in New York City emphasizing science. I passed the examination. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Attending
Stuyvesant was an exciting and interesting experience. I lived at home and
commuted. At the time I applied, I was living in New York City. We had the
unusual experience of moving from Brooklyn to New York repeatedly during that
period. I like to kid about the fact that my mother moved sixteen times before
I was sixteen years old. If she thought the schools were better in another
community that was “opening up” to blacks, or if the landlord complained about
anything we kids did, we would move! I don’t remember it as being a
particularly unpleasant experience. We often moved back and forth between
communities that we knew. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">We lived in
Washington Heights. Last night, my wife said, “Why don’t you say Harlem?” We
were very much aware of the fact that Washington Heights was not part of
Harlem, but I guess today it’s considered Harlem. At any rate, we lived in the
same house several times and even in the same apartment. I moved so much that
going to a high school outside our neighborhood didn’t seem to be unreasonable.
I had to commute to Stuyvesant, on the subway from Manhattan or Brooklyn. All
the moving meant that I wasn’t really as involved in the social life of the
community.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">During the
Depression years, one of the significant factors that influenced me greatly was
my summers at Camp Atwater, a black camp in East Brookfield, Massachusetts. I
attended for about ten years. I recall with considerable affection a nature
study program conducted by Frank Johnson, who later became a pathologist. I
never saw him after the camp experience, but he greatly influenced me toward a
career in science. He was very much the “SCIENTIST” for me. I was uncertain as
to what area of science I was interested in. In fact, when I had to choose a
high school, my uncertainty was a factor in selecting Stuyvesant over Brooklyn
Tech. I wasn’t sure what I wanted, science or engineering. Brooklyn Technical High
School sounded too much like engineering, and since I had never met an engineer
nor read what they did exactly, I had no role model. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">I think my
decision to apply to MIT was as a result of my mother’s awareness. She was an
active member of the Teacher’s Union in New York City. By the end of high
school, I was fairly sure I wanted engineering, and MIT offered science and
engineering. I wasn’t particularly conscious of the very high tuition. My
parents always acted as though college was just something you did! I remember
having an interview with someone who was part of the Educational Council
Program, at one of the offices downtown. The interviewer asked me, “How will
you handle tuition? ”I had no idea. I just assumed my mother would pay. He
later asked my mother and she simply said, “We will pay.” I didn’t get
scholarship aid at that time. In fact, I was not initially admitted, but was
placed on the waiting list and then subsequently admitted. I had done quite
well in high school, but Stuyvesant had some brilliant students and several had
applied to MIT. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">At any rate,
I got in. I don’t recall a great deal about it, but there are a few things I do
remember. One of them was that, as I had never seen the school before I
arrived, I thought it looked like my idea of the War Department. It was my idea
of just the massive, very unsympathetic buildings. But what MIT did at the time
that I thought was marvelous was to have a freshman camp. Freshmen were invited
to come to a camp experience. It was held outside in Massachusetts somewhere
and it ran for several days. We sat around the fire and people talked. I recall
swimming in a lake at the camp, which had water as cold as I can ever remember
in my life. I still can remember the ringing in my body, the sitting around the
camp fire in the evening, and a group leader saying, “Look at the fellow to the
left and the one to the right—only one of you is going to be there at the end.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">There was
much more emphasis on the severity of the MIT experience at that time. There was
school on Saturday, which was a new experience for me. I don’t think they kept
that up too long. I lived off-campus, and I suspect it was related to a cost
issue,I don’t know. I very much remember living with a black family on Dana
Street, 55 Dana. I still occasionally go by to see if the house is still there.
I only lived off-campus for about the first six months or so. I knew more
people at Harvard than I did at MIT. I had a friend—a close friend—who was
entering Harvard at the same time, so whatever social life I had, which was
minimal, was with black students in that program at Harvard. I remember going
into Walker Memorial at MIT, where they served dinner, and thinking that it was
so fancy. I remember saying to myself, “My goodness, I’m not sure I can handle
all this.” But eating in Central Square was so depressing to me that I finally
decided to move on-campus. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">I had
entered in 1941, and on December 7 Japan dropped the bombs on Pearl Harbor.
This event led to stark change at MIT. There was an immediate appearance of
military people and guards and a shuffling of the living arrangements. I can’t
recall the circumstances that led to my decision to move, but I moved initially
into that complex of dormitories called Westgate, I believe. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">On the west
side of campus? Yes, right. I was in there for a little bit of time. I lived
with a student who was black. He invited me to move in with him, but we had
very little in common. He was extremely religious, which was not my background.
My mother was very interested in all kinds of new-age religions and Christian
Science and all that sort of thing, so he would be praying on his knees in the
room in the evening and I would be wondering what he was doing and what I was
supposed to do. It really troubled me. We got along so poorly that neither of
us would ever let anything be out of place. The room was immaculate. We didn’t
live together long because the Navy, or some part of the military group, took
over that complex I then moved into the Senior House. It may be that in the
Senior House we lived together as well, I can’t recall. But at any rate, that
also was short-lived because subsequent to that I moved, in the second year,
into the graduate house. There were four of us living together. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">They were
white and from various parts of New York, I recall. I don’t actually remember
any of their names, except that it was very pleasant. I enjoyed that
experience. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Just after
we entered the war, everyone was acutely aware that they might have to go into
the armed forces. I made, under the influence of the school, a decision to
apply to the ASTP, an Army program which assured us that we would be brought
into the Army for basic training and we would be sent back to school. At some
time at the end of the second year, when I finished the term, I was told that I
would have to take basic training. I received a letter from the ROTC program,
which I was involved in, that said something like, “This man has had training
in engineering and ought to be considered for the Signal Corps.” Well, the Army
had no idea what to do with that note like this about a black soldier, so I
stayed in the reception center for a couple of months while they tried to
figure it out. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Finally,
they sent me to Keesler Field, Mississippi, later to be sent to some
communication program. It was during my stay there that I learned about the
black Air Corps. I saw in the newspaper, maybe the Amsterdam News, a picture
and a short article on graduates from a bombardier navigation program. To me
this seemed more like something I could do rather than being a fighter pilot,
which was really the only Air Force option I had known about. So doubting that
I would ever be sent back to school, I decided to apply to the aviation cadet
program. It turns out that getting into that program was a little like applying
to MIT. You had to get letters of recommendation—my parents assisted me in
that—and you were interviewed and took exams. Finally, I was admitted into the
program. But as I didn’t immediately go into the program, I continued to do
basic training over and over. I’m not sure of all the details, but I do know
that they had lost my papers. I couldn’t get off of the drill field to find out
what had happened, because if you asked what happened to your record, they just
thought you were trying to screw off. They’d say, “No! You have to go to
training.” Finally, in desperation, I went against orders to the office to see
the sergeant. He listened to me, looked up my record, and then said something
like, “But you’re in 747 and you should be in 707.” He then proceeded to take
my paper from one envelope and move it to another, and the next week I shipped
out.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">It was a
typical military screwup of the time, but I entered a pre-flight training
program at Tuskegee, Alabama, on the college campus. You spent, I don’t know,
maybe three months learning things pertaining to aviation. You were “braced,”
the military term for hazed. They tried to run the program as though it was
West Point. They marched and they sang. There was a certain esprit de corps to
it. I recall it with fascination, but it was at that point that I was able to
elect to go into bombardier navigation, primarily bombardiering, and I went off
to several schools in Florida and Texas. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">
<span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">At the end of the training, I was made a second
lieutenant and sent to Godman Army Air Field, which was an airbase next to Fort
Knox. There at that base was a black B25 bomb group being trained. This group,
even though it was late in the war, had not yet gone overseas. The reason was
interesting. They were still at Godman, even though it was inadequate to
prepare a group to go overseas, for it had too limited runways, among other
problems, and that was largely because of racial prejudice.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">This bomb
group, when it was initially formed in Michigan, had been formed from black
officers, many of whom had been overseas in the 99th Fighter Group, and some
white officers with bomber experience. After the group was formed, the black
officers were not permitted to use the officers’ club on the Michigan base.
They had objected, so the Air Force, rather than let them use the officers’
club, moved the whole training program to Godman Field. There they couldn’t get
trained, but the white officers in the group could be invited to the Fort Knox
officers’ club and the black officers could use the Godman officers’ club. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">So when I
arrived as a lieutenant with training in bombing, I was surplus and was told,
like many other officers who arrived during the same period, “We haven’t got
anything for you to do right now, but you should use these bombing trainers and
feel free to do anything else you like.” As a young man, I guess I was about
nineteen, that was marvelous. I had wings, I was a second lieutenant, and I
could go anywhere in the country. If I were stopped by military police, which
was rare, and asked what I was doing, I’d say, “I’m following verbal orders of
the commanding officers.” And that was it. Fellows like me just went all over
the country. I worked on my problems of getting to know girls, and for a
relatively short period had a fair amount of pleasure. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">This period
came to an end when the Air Force, no longer training great numbers of aviation
cadets, decided their solution to getting the bomb group trained and keeping
the officers’ club separate. They decided to move the 477th to an abandoned
cadet field in Freeman Field, Indiana. The plan was to call the black officers
“trainees,” offer them the cadet club, and reserve the officers’ club for white
officers. The trainee term was to apply to any black officer, even the black
flight surgeon in the 477th.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This plan did not escape many of the members
of the 477th. I think of Bill Coleman, who later became Secretary of
Transportation and whom I knew from Camp Atwater and saw again in Cambridge
while he was at the Harvard Law School. He saw through the plan as soon as the
move was announced. He came to me, and to other officers like me who were not
officially members of the bomb group but were members of the base waiting for
positions to open up, and said, “Now listen, this thing about trainee officers
using the cadet club does not apply to you, so when you arrive at the base you
can use the regular officers’ club.” This is exactly what we did when we arrived
at the new base. We just walked into the officers’ club. They immediately said
to us, “You shouldn’t be here, you’re under arrest.” <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><b><i><u><span style="color: #00b050; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">How many black officers were there? <o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Well, it
turned out by that time there were about a hundred who were involved in this
whole uprising. The next day they prepared a written set of orders, saying
essentially, “This is to inform you that you must use the trainee officers’
club,” and we were to be asked to read and sign the paper saying that we
understood and would obey the order. So all the people who had been under
arrest were asked to come to headquarters and one by one required to sign.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">I always
think of this because it was entertaining. I joined a line which had formed in
this building at the offices where we thought we were to go in. I was well
along the line at another door when suddenly they opened the door in front of
me, so I was the first person into the interrogation room. I entered the room
and there was a captain or a colonel and a few enlisted men who looked like
they had been dragged in to be witnesses. I was told, “You understand that
there is an arrangement here where you are to use the trainees’ club and not
the officers’ club.” I said I understood that. They said, “Do you agree that
you’ll do it?” I said no, because that was what everybody agreed they would say
and I refused to sign the paper. Then you were sent out another door so that
you wouldn’t see or communicate with the others waiting to come into the room.
Most of the waiting officers did as I did, although some officers who were
mature, had their families with them there, and felt they had an investment in
a career did agree. But most didn’t care and thought it an obscene racist joke.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">They just
took the entire squadron and moved them all back to Godman Field, Kentucky. It
was so absurd, some of the fellows put signs on the moving trucks about going
back to their “Old Kentucky Home.” At this point it had hit the newspapers. My
wife tells me how she saw “101 Black Officers Arrested” in some of the black
newspapers at the time. Anyway, what happened was that the bomb group
languished at Godman Field for a month or two. Finally, the whole thing was
dropped. They relieved the very prejudiced colonel of training, fired all the
people who were white, and brought in the black Colonel B. O. Davis, Jr., and
some of his officers to reconstitute the group under his direction. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">It turned
out that they never could get the group finally trained enough to go overseas.
In reading recently about General Davis’s life, I learned that even he had a
hard time. Even though he was colonel of the base, he still couldn’t use the
facilities with his family at Fort Knox. This is the General Davis, right? Both
father and son were generals. The Davis I am talking about is the one who had
been colonel over the 332nd Fighter Group in Italy. What happened for me
personally was that I was then allowed to go into pilot training, so I went
back to Tuskegee. While I was there, Japan surrendered and I came back to
school. So the whole thing faded for me. As a single man and young, it was just
an interesting experience with the South. It had ended.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">I returned
to school in the middle of the year. I had known my wife before I had gone into
college. We had known each other as kids. We married the year I returned from
the Army.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><b><i><u><span style="color: #00b050; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">So she’s from New York as well? <o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Right, she’s
from Brooklyn. During my Brooklyn period, I got to know her and had quite a
crush on her. When she graduated from Hunter College, we married and returned
together to Cambridge. It made an immense difference in my life. I often kid
her by saying I waited until she finished so that she could keep me in the
style “to which I had grown accustomed.” She had majored in psychology but was
in a teaching program as well, so we both thought she would teach in the Boston
or Cambridge school system. When we got up to Boston, we learned that at that
time married women were not allowed to teach. So she worked in various places
and finally ended up at the Charlestown Public Library. I had two more years to
complete at MIT, which was an entirely different world, with returning veterans
like myself on the GI Bill.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The above
pages are only an excerpt from the entire interview by Dr. Clarence G. Williams…..<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The
following information is from Robert L. Dunbar – Digital Humanities Producer of
MIT Black History.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dr. Williams and Mr.
Dunbar had an impromptu conversation about<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>the Victor Ransom interview.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mr.
Dunbar recalled a point of memory from the interview.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Mr.
Dunbar recalled the year President Harry Truman signed the executive order to
integrate the Military Armed Forces (1948) </span></i><span class="jpfdse"><span style="background: white; color: #202124; font-family: Roboto;">Executive Order 9981</span></span><span style="background: white; color: #202124; font-family: Roboto;">: Desegregation of
the Armed Forces. On <b>July 26, 1948</b>, President Harry S. Truman
signed this executive order establishing the President's Committee on Equality
of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services, committing the government
to integrating the segregated military.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="background: white; color: #202124; font-family: Roboto;">Robert’s father was a member of the US Army Military and signed up in
1948.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Solomon Dunbar, Jr. served from
1948 to 1978 with 10 years in the reserve.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>His commission was Sergeant First Class (SFC) as a commissioned officer.
When he signed up at Fort Gordon, GA to join the US Army, he did not want to be
assigned to the Motor Pool, or the Transportation Pool, or Kitchen Duty, or MP
Duty.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #202124; font-family: Roboto;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">He requested to go fighting </span>where <span style="font-size: 12pt;">the MASH (Medical Army Medical
Hospital) Units would be in War.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> He
signed up at Fort Gordon, GA where the Army had the most advanced military
Hospital after Bethesda Military Medical Hospital in Washington, DC.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> War broke out in 1950 within Korea.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> SFC Dunbar had protested the mistreatment his
right to be treated equally.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> He was
thrown into Army “jail” for a short period of time, because of his refusal to accept
his assignment.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> After about a week or
two, his assignment was changed to serving in Korea among the Army’s first roll
out of the MASH Units.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="background: white; color: #202124; font-family: Roboto;">The following excerpt that Victor Ransom participated in the “protest”
was a fine example of successfully challenging the status quo of maintaining
the “Jim Crow” standard.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Victor Ransom
and other officers had stood up against the military informal practice of
segregation in Godman Field Kentucky.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The news of that event went nationwide within the various military
installations as well. His act of courage along with the other Black Soldiers
changed a lifetime of gallant soldiers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>My father was awarded the Bronze Star in the Korean War, and was
interred at Arlington National Cemetery in 1992.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="background: white; color: #202124; font-family: Roboto;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="background: white; color: #202124; font-family: Roboto;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">From Victor
Ransom……“They just took the entire squadron and moved them all back to Godman
Field, Kentucky. It was so absurd, some of the fellows put signs on the moving
trucks about going back to their “Old Kentucky Home.” At this point it had hit
the newspapers. My wife tells me how she saw “101 Black Officers Arrested” in
some of the black newspapers at the time. Anyway, what happened was that the
bomb group languished at Godman Field for a month or two. Finally, the whole
thing was dropped. They relieved the very prejudiced colonel of training, fired
all the people who were white, and brought in the black Colonel B. O. Davis,
Jr., and some of his officers to reconstitute the group under his direction. “<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Excerpts from </span></p><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Victor
Ransom</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">- <i><u>Technology and the Dream</u></i></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Interview with Dr. Clarence G. Williams</span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Additional narrative from Robert L. Dunbar, i.e. for SFC Solomon Dunbar, Jr. commissioned at Fort Gordon GA</span></span></p>MIT Black Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12669346478373790213noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2601081044172866674.post-78322234284061233842022-01-28T04:23:00.007-08:002022-01-28T04:54:32.532-08:00Bernard Loyd – An Engineer, Entrepreneur, Philanthropist, and Humanitarian<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhJAUjZVVpPRAHOdGs__24fb98oHSKAXc9Il_RhOUGoeBp-mUk5msyXkAuBZTjav8C1WbJvkTIqxD7ffAmughE8r-tpfoyuljth7ljWLufyLYCAxwRsEOo3TKu75jfZ5EAC3GMG9Ou-_aIjbMGPKidx48KJbnVq8imFX65rqHtttzTlB1IHj0tkhDYSqA=s1000" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="667" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhJAUjZVVpPRAHOdGs__24fb98oHSKAXc9Il_RhOUGoeBp-mUk5msyXkAuBZTjav8C1WbJvkTIqxD7ffAmughE8r-tpfoyuljth7ljWLufyLYCAxwRsEOo3TKu75jfZ5EAC3GMG9Ou-_aIjbMGPKidx48KJbnVq8imFX65rqHtttzTlB1IHj0tkhDYSqA=s320" width="213" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><h2 style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Bernard Loyd '85, PhD '89, MS '90</h2><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">After earning undergraduate and graduate degrees from MIT in
aeronautics and astronautics, he returned for a master’s degree from the MIT
Sloan School of Management before moving into management consulting. “As a
consultant at McKinsey and Company, I worked hard for my clients, as well as on
numerous company-sponsored initiatives,” he says, “but after over a dozen years
with the firm, I decided to focus on the challenges in my own backyard.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Loyd is now founder and president of Urban Juncture, a
social enterprise he started in 2003 to develop commercial real estate and
related enterprises that concentrate on the needs of underserved communities in
Chicago. With its Build Bronzeville project, he and his team have identified
initiatives that build on local culture and community and encourage the
development of small businesses, with the aim of a holistic and long-term
community renaissance.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">One of these, Bronzeville Cookin’, is an emerging dining
destination celebrating the cuisines and cultures of the African diaspora (with
one restaurant and an incubator space in operation so far). “Good food is the
heart of any community, and from a business point of view, restaurants are
labor intensive. That translates to local jobs,” says Loyd. Although the
neighborhood is 15–20 minutes from downtown Chicago, Bronzeville has few large
grocery stores stocked with abundant fresh produce. But each new restaurant
moving into the area has access to a wide variety of seasonal produce from a
rooftop farm and nearby community garden, as do residents during market day in
Boxville—another of Urban Juncture’s initiatives.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Boxville is a neighborhood marketplace consisting of bright,
colorful repurposed shipping containers where small businesses can ply their
wares. A popular outdoor gathering place since 2017, it continues to bring
locals together during the Covid-19 pandemic—albeit in an altered way: “Because
of Covid, instead of our weekly Boxville market, where the objective was to
pack in as many people as possible, we’ve moved to a socially distanced
‘Boxville Community Day’ where we share resources with neighbors, and we’ve
instituted socially distanced ‘Boxville Fitness Saturdays,’” Loyd says.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><o:p> Material Extract:</o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: -.5in; margin-right: -.5in; margin-top: 0in;"><a href="https://alum.mit.edu/slice/building-community-renaissance-chicagos-south-side">https://alum.mit.edu/slice/building-community-renaissance-chicagos-south-side</a><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: -.5in; margin-right: -.5in; margin-top: 0in;"> <a href="https://www.buildbronzeville.com/bernard-loyd">https://www.buildbronzeville.com/bernard-loyd</a><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><o:p>
</o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: -.5in; margin-right: -.5in; margin-top: 0in;"> <a href="https://www.blackhistory.mit.edu/archive/bernard-loyd-raising-8m-restore-bronzevilles-forum-2020">https://www.blackhistory.mit.edu/archive/bernard-loyd-raising-8m-restore-bronzevilles-forum-2020</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><br /></p></div><p></p>MIT Black Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12669346478373790213noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2601081044172866674.post-1252819211618884762022-01-20T04:11:00.001-08:002022-01-28T04:24:22.268-08:00Pioneering Women of MIT<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"> Dr. K’Andrea Bickerstaff</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiQTNtdxoYR8Ey09G0YhJQ9p-G5IYewhRE7FE_uR1OfUFGuDKn5zhoM9IsLpOox8HBCyBdV0UAfFeZ9JcNHcQW2_404Z6Q-y3quyVSe2o5XFswauxkVnOCBgZbnVjjwQKlBALwYFhSjNrBqr6QjMUZ5nLfGZeWDBJMhSXMIbZfJnIml1ELz99wlGXeBWg=s612" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: black;"><img border="0" data-original-height="612" data-original-width="612" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiQTNtdxoYR8Ey09G0YhJQ9p-G5IYewhRE7FE_uR1OfUFGuDKn5zhoM9IsLpOox8HBCyBdV0UAfFeZ9JcNHcQW2_404Z6Q-y3quyVSe2o5XFswauxkVnOCBgZbnVjjwQKlBALwYFhSjNrBqr6QjMUZ5nLfGZeWDBJMhSXMIbZfJnIml1ELz99wlGXeBWg=s320" width="320" /></span></a></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large; text-align: left;">At age 12, K’Andrea Bickerstaff discovered that her
grandfather’s unrealized goal had been “to attend MIT—the best school in the
country.” Later that year, when Bickerstaff’s father got sick, “I asked my mom
how I could help. She said, ‘Do well in school, so I don</span><a name="_Hlk8042458" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large; text-align: left;">’</a><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large; text-align: left;">t
have to worry.’ From then on, I got straight A's, and MIT was my long-shot
dream.”</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;"></p><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: left;">She earned an MIT bachelor’s degree in electrical
engineering in 1989; later she earned a master’s and PhD in computer
engineering from the University of Texas at Austin.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Now, Dr. Bickerstaff is founder and president of
KenQuest LLC in Austin, TX - a consulting services firm specializing in
intellectual property, research, and design and business and project
management. The company’s network of technical experts, engineers, scientists,
professors, and technology leaders -offers expertise and strategy to clients
across the country.</div><span style="line-height: 107%;"><div style="text-align: left;"> </div></span><span style="line-height: 107%;"><div style="text-align: left;">* Dr. Bickerstaff is also is the Chair
of BAMIT, </div></span></span><p></p><p style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">Black Alumni(ae) of MIT
(2020).</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;"></p><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"> </span></div><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"><div style="text-align: left;">BAMIT MISSION</div></span><p></p><p style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;"></p><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><p></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;">We are fostering an inclusive
environment for shared learning.</span></div><p></p><p style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"></span></span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana; font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">We are a vibrant collective of
diverse, creative, and mission-driven MIT alumni who are dedicated to
empowering the next generation of diverse leaders and change agents. Our
mission is to support the professional and personal development of the Black
community at MIT - with a special focus on the recruitment, development and
successful graduation of Black undergraduate and graduate students - and to
amplify the voice of all Black alumni who are committed to leadership,
innovation, and positive social transformation. We will never stop marching for
justice.</span></span></div><p></p></blockquote><p>
</p><p style="margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: courier; font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;"><br /></p>MIT Black Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12669346478373790213noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2601081044172866674.post-65098709304896844232021-03-10T11:23:00.024-08:002022-06-23T20:13:38.386-07:00MIT Volume II Part I-VI<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO1QfNGhuxBN85T-11pEWgZKt4b-TaNU-bPpxRFhlWTcfrNZzertzmrBJn_ENPCcsRl6BHCgg_8i3x_benVh1Ir2XcimR2r1GJW1uy7BCZ1JOaZtjv4BlqLpr_cpQtoPdkx38k3lJN1ReX/s460/MIT_blk_hist_sm+II.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="460" data-original-width="459" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO1QfNGhuxBN85T-11pEWgZKt4b-TaNU-bPpxRFhlWTcfrNZzertzmrBJn_ENPCcsRl6BHCgg_8i3x_benVh1Ir2XcimR2r1GJW1uy7BCZ1JOaZtjv4BlqLpr_cpQtoPdkx38k3lJN1ReX/s320/MIT_blk_hist_sm+II.jpg" /></a></span></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Capture the MO*MIT</span></b><span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Volume II is a collection of short films<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">that depict a unique variety of experiences<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">primarily within the world of Africans and the diaspora</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> of their descendants in the United States of America.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Other cultures are inclusive because of the nature of unity in learning,</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">and the drive for excellence among colleagues and collaborative groups.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">These vivid collections convey and or stimulate conversations</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">through the experiences of a collection of first and second hand experiences.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">We hope you are drawn into the experience as a witness to history and culture.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">"Seeing is Believing"</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Copyright © 2021, All Rights Reserved<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Film Footage and Images Provided by Contributors as Noted</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">Introduction to Volume II</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/brkXt9fVFao" width="320" youtube-src-id="brkXt9fVFao"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">Volume II - Part I "Oh Beautiful!"</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/nRNb6ZxcQAg" width="320" youtube-src-id="nRNb6ZxcQAg"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">Volume II - Part II "The Fire Next Time"</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/xmstQWysojo" width="320" youtube-src-id="xmstQWysojo"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span>Volume II - Part III "</span><span>A Great Mighty Walk"</span></span></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/SJzXQP2In9o" width="320" youtube-src-id="SJzXQP2In9o"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">Volume II - Part IV "Walking the Block"</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/S8zQW7ms6H8" width="320" youtube-src-id="S8zQW7ms6H8"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Volume II - Part V "Faith Stronger Than Fire"</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/-OHfGc6Ruuo" width="320" youtube-src-id="-OHfGc6Ruuo"></iframe></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">MIT Vol II Part VI "Pioneers In Action"</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ThQVna9ClPc" width="320" youtube-src-id="ThQVna9ClPc"></iframe></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.blackhistory.mit.edu/" target="_blank">Curating the MIT Black Experience</a></span></div></div><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p>MIT Black Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12669346478373790213noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2601081044172866674.post-68988030350125509842020-03-05T02:50:00.002-08:002020-05-03T17:29:38.097-07:00MIT Black History Original Films - Volume II Previews (2020)<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
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<b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Capture the MO*MIT</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> is a series of contextual framework research findings spanning the 145+ years of the Black Experience at MIT. Created and Produced by: Dr. Clarence G. Williams – Founder, Director, and Principle Investigator of MIT Black History, and Robert L. Dunbar - Digital Humanities Producer.<o:p></o:p></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">MIT Black History Project -- Copyright © 2015 - 2020, All Rights Reserved<o:p></o:p></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Capture the MO*MIT</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> - More Of MIT... It is important to venture back in time, to search for evidence of the role and experience of blacks since the Institute opened its doors in 1865. The project’s continuing objective is to place the black experience at MIT in its full and appropriate context, by researching and disseminating a varied set of materials and by exposing a larger community of interests — both inside and outside MIT — to this rich, historically significant legacy.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://mitblackhistory.blogspot.com/2019/10/mit-black-history-original-film.html" target="_blank">For your convenience here is a link to </a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://mitblackhistory.blogspot.com/2019/10/mit-black-history-original-film.html" target="_blank">Capture the MO*MIT Volume I + Intro</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><a href="https://www.blackhistory.mit.edu/" target="_blank">Curating the MIT Black Experience</a></span></div>
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MIT Black Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12669346478373790213noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2601081044172866674.post-831924035385548812019-10-07T03:57:00.000-07:002020-03-05T02:13:40.690-08:00MIT Black History Original Films - Volume I (2015)<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Capture the MO*MIT</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> is a series of contextual framework research findings
spanning the 145+ years of the Black Experience at MIT. Created and Produced
by: Dr. Clarence G. Williams – Founder, Director, and Principle Investigator of
MIT Black History and Robert L. Dunbar - Digital Humanities Producer.<o:p></o:p></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">MIT Black History Project -- Copyright © 2015 - 2020, All Rights
Reserved<o:p></o:p></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Capture the MO*MIT</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> - More Of MIT... It is important to venture back in time, to
search for evidence of the role and experience of blacks since the Institute
opened its doors in 1865. The project’s continuing objective is to place the
black experience at MIT in its full and appropriate context, by researching and
disseminating a varied set of materials and by exposing a larger community of
interests — both inside and outside MIT — to this rich, historically
significant legacy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Capture the MO*MIT</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Volume I - Intro (2015)</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Capture the MO*MIT</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Volume I Narrative (2015)</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://www.blackhistory.mit.edu/" target="_blank">Curating the MIT Black Experience</a></div>
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MIT Black Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12669346478373790213noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2601081044172866674.post-90049441691151890442018-11-02T07:10:00.000-07:002018-11-02T07:22:03.958-07:00MIT Black Student Union at 50 Years<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlBLvDVK4WMWJ8_f34IEJL445We2flFK7rupgu4i405sF9H1mvq78cG1NOG0k2C-ysGbwPhd18mgFhwQRrsHZNduqwH0H7LV5EIUCschdf6soBIUFtL44joEtG3zkDfW03mUlQS4ZoFshw/s1600/MIT-BSU-50-years-SL_0-1+Final.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="721" data-original-width="1080" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlBLvDVK4WMWJ8_f34IEJL445We2flFK7rupgu4i405sF9H1mvq78cG1NOG0k2C-ysGbwPhd18mgFhwQRrsHZNduqwH0H7LV5EIUCschdf6soBIUFtL44joEtG3zkDfW03mUlQS4ZoFshw/s320/MIT-BSU-50-years-SL_0-1+Final.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
BSU members began helping recruit black students in 1968.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
In 1972, assistant director of admissions John A. Mims</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
and two MIT student guides (left)</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
welcome students visiting from 23 high schools.</div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
Photo courtesy of the MIT Museum</div>
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<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The BSU at 50</span><br />
The Black Students' Union marks a half-century of making MIT more diverse.<br />
<br />
Alice Waugh | MIT Alumni Association<br />
October 30, 2018<br />
<br />
Published by the MIT New Office<br />
<br />
<br />
In 1968, the black student community at MIT was small and needed a way to amplify its voice. Formed during that tumultuous year in political and racial history in the U.S., the MIT Black Students’ Union (BSU) launched a journey of advocacy and community that now continues 50 years later.<br />
<br />
In the late 1960s, about 11 percent of Americans were black, but each 1,000-member class at MIT had perhaps half a dozen black students. Galvanized by the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., black student groups were forming at overwhelmingly white college campuses across the country, and MIT was no exception. The students who started MIT BSU had two goals in mind: to support each other and to bring more black students to the Institute. “Surely there were more than three blacks in the high school class of 1965 who could belong to the MIT tribe,” says Linda C. Sharpe ’69, one of the BSU founders, who is a past president of the MIT Alumni Association and a former MIT Corporation member.<br />
<br />
In fall of 1968, the new group drew up and presented a list of recommendations to the MIT administration: increasing the number of black students, creating a pre-enrollment summer program for minority students, and hiring more minority faculty members. In response, MIT established the Task Force on Educational Opportunity (TFEO), which was made up of a group of BSU representatives and MIT administrators and chaired by associate provost (and future MIT president) Paul Gray ’54, SM ’55, ScD ’60. Through a series of often intense discussions, the TFEO designed the summer program, called Project Interphase, and came up with more inclusive approaches to things like recruitment, admissions, and financial aid.<br />
<br />
“The Institute rolled up its sleeves and attacked [the recommendations] in the MIT way — that is, being very analytical about what the challenges and problems were, and then trying to figure out solutions to those challenges,” says founding BSU co-chair Shirley Ann Jackson ’68, PhD ’73, who went on to become the first black woman to earn a PhD from MIT and is now the president of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and a life member of the MIT Corporation. “That doesn’t mean there wasn’t great emotion around it, because there really, really was on all sides.”<br />
<br />
Other key players in the birth of the BSU were founding cochair James Turner, PhD ’71, Jennifer Rudd ’68, Charles Kidwell ’69, Nathan Seely ’70, Sekazi Mtingwa ’71, Fred Johnson ’72, and Ronald Mickens, who was a postdoctoral associate in physics.<br />
<br />
(This is only an excerpt from the main article which can be found at the <a href="http://news.mit.edu/2018/mit-black-students-union-50th-anniversary-1030" target="_blank">MIT News</a> web presence.)<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW1PZoQ2U1tvGx25qErNquUCc7Cfra6ypcStz4maEP8nQh-xFbHZA1yAY0Q0jMhkEcnfTvcXVPj2R-JylYeNnp0eejUmg0XPr-uqTElufBDkaim6vDDiD_MYTZFFrsAt96u5-bro8qLlds/s1600/Blogger+MIT+Pic+label.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="135" data-original-width="450" height="96" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW1PZoQ2U1tvGx25qErNquUCc7Cfra6ypcStz4maEP8nQh-xFbHZA1yAY0Q0jMhkEcnfTvcXVPj2R-JylYeNnp0eejUmg0XPr-uqTElufBDkaim6vDDiD_MYTZFFrsAt96u5-bro8qLlds/s320/Blogger+MIT+Pic+label.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br />
<a href="https://www.blackhistory.mit.edu/" target="_blank">Curating the MIT Black Experience</a></div>
<br />
<br />MIT Black Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12669346478373790213noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2601081044172866674.post-21814578352198308832018-02-26T01:29:00.000-08:002018-02-27T02:57:59.881-08:00The GRID: Foundations of Strength, Tenacity, Vision, Scholarship & Talent<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">MIT's Alumni, Faculty, Academic Officers,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Business Executives, and Researchers</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6ENYo5RgCxlCjM2k-NL7fnoa4KOCj8SCNEyoNr6Nxsw1UNIwUhYfOygtEhbFKHIaofEudEMk2TMCYwrB4aKaKwI_IuqyFJUMRaRhdhAc-p7gb_fLCSUWBHKLKFj6Opf4xbTmWMd00T0c-/s1600/MIT+Limited+Edition+The+Grid+-+Final2015+Web+II+1080.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="900" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6ENYo5RgCxlCjM2k-NL7fnoa4KOCj8SCNEyoNr6Nxsw1UNIwUhYfOygtEhbFKHIaofEudEMk2TMCYwrB4aKaKwI_IuqyFJUMRaRhdhAc-p7gb_fLCSUWBHKLKFj6Opf4xbTmWMd00T0c-/s320/MIT+Limited+Edition+The+Grid+-+Final2015+Web+II+1080.jpg" width="266" /></a></div>
<br />
Leadership and Resource Giving<br />
<br />
As the initial research years have passed from 1995 to the present, these pioneering individuals have given generously of their time and numerous resources to the continual growth and rich development of the black experience at MIT. This list will expand as we seek your participation in giving to the continual research of MIT Black History. We hope you will contribute to <a href="http://blackhistory.mit.edu/" target="_blank">MIT Black History</a> as well.<br />
<br />
Thank You!<br />
<br />
Listing of Names<br />
(left to right)<br />
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Reginald Van Lee</div>
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Shirley Jackson</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Cleave L. Killingsworth</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Keith Bevans</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Diane Peters-Hoskins</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Victor Hoskins</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Dianna E. Abney</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Sylvester James Gates</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Christopher Rose</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Lisa Heller</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
James M. Turner</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Leslye Fraser</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Darryl Fraser</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Lisa Egbuonu-Davis</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Edmund Bertschinger</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
William Buckner</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Kristala Jones Prather</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Darcy Prather</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Paula Hammond</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Linda Sharpe</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Carol Espy-Wilson</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Ernest Cohen</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Jennifer Rudd</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Ronald McNair</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Paul E. Gray</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Charles M. Vest</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
L. Rafael Reif</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Phillip Clay</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Clarence G. Williams</div>
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<a href="http://blackhistory.mit.edu/" target="_blank"><img alt=" MIT Black History" border="0" data-original-height="135" data-original-width="450" height="96" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi59CUK9M45bC09k-HGC-G1GtB_fCdF38nYGD0LZc5h1vUAhdjPMNtoUCZZABvg7tgAR6rRg50ll_bnEf5f4zKqJVJ95BFLvBxpe_th79oMj9O4zlQmdpAtjn5nYJUahDwsOGqpmZhcC3tB/s320/Blogger+MIT+Pic+label.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b><a href="http://blackhistory.mit.edu/" target="_blank">Curating the MIT Black Experience</a></b></div>
<br /></div>
MIT Black Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12669346478373790213noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2601081044172866674.post-32787787894577064032018-02-11T19:49:00.000-08:002018-02-20T01:32:43.241-08:00MIT-Haiti Initiative: Technology and Pedagogy in the 21st Century<div style="text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3A4QiAKRoSOt_HnIJXPtrZCxbcmqUoAC8JtKSVXo86l5BZfz6q874aT5n1WV0evwHbxjXh5vkVee4D-DYOe1pYxylfAyRwVFYFDPHkz0Z9ZQ0NZPiiFZDg80hdsG35yiskiicRQHhdWSx/s1600/Faculty+-+Michel+DeGraff+-++Linguistics-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="690" data-original-width="1080" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3A4QiAKRoSOt_HnIJXPtrZCxbcmqUoAC8JtKSVXo86l5BZfz6q874aT5n1WV0evwHbxjXh5vkVee4D-DYOe1pYxylfAyRwVFYFDPHkz0Z9ZQ0NZPiiFZDg80hdsG35yiskiicRQHhdWSx/s320/Faculty+-+Michel+DeGraff+-++Linguistics-2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Michel DeGraff</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://linguistics.mit.edu/linguistics_haiti/" target="_blank">Linguistics and Education in Haiti</a></div>
<b><br />MIT-Haiti
Initiative</b><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="https://haiti.mit.edu/" target="_blank">Technology and Pedagogy</a><br />
<br />
Promoting active learning and Kreyòl language in science,
technology, engineering and math (STEM) disciplines, to help Haitians
learn in the language most of them speak at home.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
A project for
the development, evaluation and dissemination of active-learning
resources in Kreyòl to help improve Science, Technology, Engineering
and Math (STEM) education plus leadership and management in Haiti.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Dr. Michel
DeGraff is a professor of Linguistics at MIT, and the Principal
Investigator of the MIT-Haiti Initiative. He is a leading expert in
enabling science and engineering pedagogy within educational systems
throughout Haiti and concentrated Kreyòl speaking population
settings around the world. His collaborations with Google and other
research sponsored entities are educational breakthrough achievements
in allowing young people to learn STEM related technologies taught in
the classrooms where their native language Kreyòl is the primary
language of learning.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Professor
DeGraff is the Director of MIT-Haiti Initiative, Founding Member of
Akademi Kreyòl Ayisyen. His research interests are in Syntax,
Morphology, and Language Change.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b>MIT-Haiti,
Google team up to boost education in Kreyòl</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://news.mit.edu/2017/mit-haiti-google-team-boost-education-kreyol-1031" target="_blank">Institute-led effort to create STEM lexicon is now available forglobal translation.</a></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Peter Dizikes | MIT News Office
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
October 30, 2017</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Excerpt from Published Article</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
In recent years, MIT scholars have helped develop a whole lexicon of
science and math terms for use in Haiti’s Kreyòl language. Now a
collaboration with Google is making those terms readily available to
anyone — an important step in the expansion of Haitian Kreyòl for
education purposes.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
The new project, centered around the MIT-Haiti Initiative, has been
launched as part of an enhancement to the Google Translate program.
Now anyone using Google Translate can find an extensive set of Kreyòl
terms, including recent coinages, in the science, technology,
engineering, and math (STEM) disciplines.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
“In the past five or six years, we’ve witnessed quite a paradigm
shift in the way people in Haiti talk about and use Kreyòl,” says
Michel DeGraff, a professor of linguistics at MIT and director of the
MIT-Haiti Initiative. “Having Google Translate on board is going to
be another source of intellectual, cultural, economic, and political
capital for Kreyòl,” he notes, adding that the project will aid
“anyone in the world now, if someone is interested in producing
text in Kreyòl from any language.”</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b>MIT-Haiti
Initiative</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="https://haiti.mit.edu/" target="_blank">Technology and Pedagogy</a> (continued)</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b>The
Challenge</b><br />
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
In Haiti, 95
percent of the population is fluent in Kreyòl only; at most 5% of
the Haitian population speaks French fluently. “In Haiti’s
classrooms,” said Guerda Jean-Guillaume, professor at the Training
Center for Fundamental Schools in Haiti, “most children do not like
to ask or answer questions. They are constantly struggling to
translate from Kreyòl into French or from French into Kreyòl.”</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
French is the
primary language of instruction in Haiti’s classrooms. School exams
as well as national assessment tests are mostly conducted in French,
rather than Kreyòl, and STEM course materials for high schools and
universities have been available almost exclusively in French —
until recently when the work of pro-Kreyòl educators both in Haiti
and abroad, including work by the MIT-Haiti Initiative, started
showing the key benefits of a Kreyòl-based education at all levels
of the education system.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b>The Response</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
This Initiative
meets a crucial need in Haiti. It introduces modern techniques and
tools for interactive pedagogy in STEM while contributing to the
development, by Haitians and for Haitians, of digital resources and
curricula in Kreyòl.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
“The basic
premise of our initiative,” DeGraff explains, “is that using
Kreyòl for Haitian education is an essential ingredient to improving
quality and access for education for all.”</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i><b>Select
Research, Publications, Educational Initiatives and Implementation</b></i></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.21in;">
<span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 11pt;"><u><b style="background-color: black;">English</b></u></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;">“</span><a href="https://youtu.be/bZ5khE0JHYw"><span style="color: #549f97;"><span style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Boston
Public Schools’ Dual Language program in English and Haitian
Creole</span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;">”</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i>Boston
Neighborhood Network</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">,
November 16, 2017</span></span> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black;">“</span><a href="http://news.mit.edu/2017/mit-haiti-google-team-boost-education-kreyol-1031"><span style="color: #549f97;"><span style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">MIT-Haiti,
Google team up to boost education in Kreyòl</span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;">”</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">In
</span></span><em><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">MIT
News</span></span></em><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">,
October 30, 2017</span></span> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black;">“</span><a href="https://youtu.be/VTS1JNqhYfI"><span style="color: #549f97;"><span style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Michel
DeGraff on English/Kreyòl Dual Language program in Boston Public
Schools</span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">”</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 11pt;"><i style="background-color: black;">Boston
Neighborhood Network</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">,
September 25, 2017 </span></span></span><br />
<br /></div>
<span style="color: black;">“</span><a href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/09/06/mattapan-haitian-creole-program-for-preschoolers/O6PydlII1WWoaOGdqlYYZJ/story.html"><span style="color: #13737c;"><span style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">A
Haitian Creole program for preschoolers arrives in Mattapan</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">”<br /><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">In
</span></span></span><em><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-color: black; font-style: normal;">Boston
Globe</span></span></span></em><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">,
September 7, 2017</span><br /><br />“</span></span><a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2017/04/how-discrimination-nearly-prevented-a-dual-language-program-in-boston/522174"><span style="color: #13737c;"><span style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">How
Discrimination Nearly Stalled a Dual-Language Program in
Boston.</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">”<br /><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">In
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 11pt;"><i style="background-color: black;">The
Atlantic Monthly, </i></span></span><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">April
7, 2017. </span><br /><br />“</span></span><a href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/openglobalrights/michel-degraff/haiti-s-linguistic-apartheid-violates-children-s-rights-and-hampers-"><span style="color: #549f97;"><span style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Haiti’s
“linguistic apartheid” violates children’s rights and
hampers development</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">”<br /><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">In
</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i>openDemocracy,
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">January
2017 </span></span></span>
</span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.21in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.21in;">
<span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><u><b style="background-color: black;">Kreyòl</b></u></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.21in;">
<a href="http://lenouvelliste.com/article/169774/la-mit-haiti-initiative-sengage-dans-lamelioration-du-systeme-educatif-haitien"><span style="color: #13737c;"><span style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">La
« MIT-Haïti initiative » s’engage dans l’amélioration du
système éducatif haïtien.</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">In
</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i>Le
Nouvelliste, </i></span></span><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">April
4, 2017</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.21in;">
<span style="color: black;">“</span><a href="http://linguistics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/degraff-2017-langue-maternelle-comme-fondement-du-savoir-MIT-Haiti.pdf"><span style="color: #13737c;"><span style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">La
langue maternelle comme fondement du savoir: L’Initiative
MIT-Haïti: vers une éducation en créole efficace et
inclusive.</span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">”</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i>Revue
transatlantique d’études suisses</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">,
6/7, 2016/17</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.21in;">
<span style="color: black;">“</span><a href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/openglobalrights/michel-degraff/diskriminasyon-lengwistik-ann-ayiti-se-yon-mepri-pou-dwa-timoun-epi-"><span style="color: #549f97;"><span style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Diskriminasyon
lengwistik</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">”
ann Ayiti se yon mepri pou dwa timoun epi sa frennen devlopman peyi
a<br /><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">In </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 11pt;"><i style="background-color: black;">openDemocracy,
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">January
2017 </span></span><br />“</span></span><a href="http://www.loophaiti.com/content/pami-lang-lokal-yo-se-lang-kreyol-ayiti-ki-pi-popile-sou-twitter"><span style="color: #549f97;"><span style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Pami
lang lokal yo, se lang kreyòl Ayiti ki pi popilè sou
Twitter</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">”<br /><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">In </span></span></span><em><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: 11pt;">LOOP
Haiti</span></span></em><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">,
October 28, 2017 </span><br /><br />“</span></span><a href="http://linguistics.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/degraff-2017-langue-maternelle-comme-fondement-du-savoir-MIT-Haiti.pdf"><span style="color: #549f97;"><span style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">La
langue maternelle comme fondement du savoir: L’Initiative
MIT-Haïti: vers une éducation en créole efficace et
inclusive.</span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">”<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 11pt;"><i style="background-color: black;">Revue
transatlantiqued’études suisses</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">,
6/7, 2016/17 </span></span><br /><br />“</span></span><a href="http://www.potomitan.info/ayiti/alfabe2.php"><span style="color: #13737c;"><span style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">An
n konprann Chante Alfabè Kreyòl La</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">”<br /><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">In
</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><em><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Potomitan</span></span></em><span style="font-family: "work sans" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">,
2017 </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.21in;">
<br />
<b>Education:</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
University of
Pennsylvania</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Doctor of
Philosophty (Ph.D.), Computer Science and Linguistics
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
1986-1992</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
City University
of New York City College</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Bachelor's
degree, Mathematics and Computer Science</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
1982-1985</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://blackhistory.mit.edu/" target="_blank"><img alt=" MIT Black History" border="0" data-original-height="135" data-original-width="450" height="96" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoTM63hEZpF62aZGzVWyd5MEGZEtI_WxtTB9xcbsa5DaLCVzUknHvQzBONgf98SWBtMAMpt11f8x9rchr7Yh2c0vjTMs6xmKHh0JjARyA4SQt4a0doQVjyWid_4MWrKHNFXr7m_GLYqUGw/s320/Blogger+MIT+Pic+label.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://blackhistory.mit.edu/" target="_blank"><br /></a>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://blackhistory.mit.edu/" target="_blank">Curating the MIT Black Experience</a></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</div>
MIT Black Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12669346478373790213noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2601081044172866674.post-42366137609631093592017-11-21T16:43:00.001-08:002018-02-19T23:44:12.906-08:00Remarkable and Steadfast Leadership from the Soul and Spirit of MIT<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdtZzbY0qPEMRznyVphVdd8SDwjpnkzPOPvRqdHydeoIxWohsYLR49jlDC-N8l0f6wrvR3aEx8LT4cvOBHyPvHauDt44l2f3MEf8Go6CFD0osMKXwK-s8BjSYzNoI2QuextGcVY73UX7oE/s1600/Capture.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="426" data-original-width="639" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdtZzbY0qPEMRznyVphVdd8SDwjpnkzPOPvRqdHydeoIxWohsYLR49jlDC-N8l0f6wrvR3aEx8LT4cvOBHyPvHauDt44l2f3MEf8Go6CFD0osMKXwK-s8BjSYzNoI2QuextGcVY73UX7oE/s320/Capture.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Dr. Paul Gray</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Former MIT President Paul Gray passes
away at 85 after lifelong career of service and leadership at the
Institute</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>Guided by a passion for teaching,</i></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>MIT’s
14th president helped steer the Institute through decades of social
change.</i></div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b>Kathy Wren | MIT News Office
</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b>September 18, 2017</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Extract
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Paul Gray ’54, SM ’55, ScD ’60, a
devoted leader at MIT whose lifetime career at the Institute included
turns as a student, professor, dean of engineering, associate
provost, chancellor, president, and MIT Corporation chair, died today
at his home in Concord, Massachusetts, after a lengthy battle with
Alzheimer’s disease. He was 85.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
As MIT’s 14th president, from 1980 to
1990, and in his other roles, Gray transformed the Institute through
his commitment to enhancing undergraduate education and increasing
the presence of women and underrepresented minorities on campus. With
his wife, Priscilla King Gray, at his side, he helped guide MIT
through the social change and technological transformation that
marked the second half of the 20th century.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
His commitment to MIT, particularly to
its students, was absolute. Even after retiring as MIT Corporation
chair in 1997, he returned to teaching and advising. His work at the
Institute was carried out in partnership with Priscilla, a champion
of public service who led efforts to create a sense of community at
MIT and co-founded what is now called the Priscilla King Gray Public
Service Center. “Paul Gray led MIT with the
clear-eyed pragmatism and uncommon steadiness of a born engineer, and
the humility, warmth, and wisdom of an exceptional human being,”
says MIT President L. Rafael Reif. </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
“He was an indispensable advisor
to two MIT presidents who preceded him and all three who have
followed him. His affection for and trust in our students allowed him
to serve as an anchor at MIT during the turbulence of the Vietnam
War; inspired him to greatly increase the presence and profile of
underrepresented minority and women students in our community; and
led him to pioneer the creation of the then-revolutionary
Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program, now an inseparable part
of the MIT experience. Paul loved the MIT community like family —
and we feel his loss like family, too.”</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
“Paul became my first and most
essential guide to MIT. With the wisdom gained from a lifetime
devoted to the Institute, he showed me MIT’s ethos and history,”
says MIT President Emerita Susan Hockfield, who served as president
of the Institute from 2004 to 2012. “Whether at dinner with his
newly red-coated Class of ’54 classmates, or walking the Infinite
Corridor with wonderful Priscilla — love of his life and partner in
a presidency of warmth and purpose — his love of the place, of the
people, and of our mission shone brightly in all he said and did. A
part of me has always and will always see MIT through his eyes.”</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b>A Vigorous Embrace of Diversity</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
When Gray arrived at MIT as an
undergraduate, women made up less than 2 percent of each MIT class,
and the percentage of underrepresented minorities was similarly low.
After joining the administration, he took up the charge to make the
MIT community more representative of society at large.<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
In 1968, in response to recommendations
from the newly created Black Students Union, Gray, who was then
associate provost, and others created the Task Force on Educational
Opportunity. Among other efforts, they hired an assistant director of
admissions and worked with him to actively recruit minority students.
MIT also began the landmark summer program Project Interphase,
staffed largely by students of color.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
As chancellor, Gray wrote and began
implementing the Institute’s first formal plan to increase the
presence of women and minorities among MIT’s faculty as well as its
student body. In a 2008 MIT Infinite History interview, Gray recalled
that these efforts represented a sea change for the Institute. Until
that time, “MIT had never recruited [any students]. We waited for
applications to come,” he said.<br />
<br />
By the time he stepped down from the
presidency in 1990, women made up more than 30 percent of incoming
undergraduate classes, and underrepresented minorities constituted 14
percent. Gray’s efforts had laid the foundation for MIT’s
subsequent leaders to further increase diversity and inclusion at the
Institute. His work on diversity among students and the faculty “may
be the most important thing I did around here,” Gray said in the
Infinite History interview.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
One of the first members of the Black
Students Union was Shirley Ann Jackson ’68, PhD ’73, who is now
the president of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and a life member
of the MIT Corporation. “For me, Paul was foremost a great friend,
advisor, supporter, and confidante. I always turned to him at
critical junctures in my career. He never failed me — his advice
and guidance were always spot on,” Jackson says.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">More about Dr. Gray can be found here at </span><a href="http://news.mit.edu/2017/former-mit-president-paul-gray-dies-0918" style="font-size: small;" target="_blank">MIT News</a><br />
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://blackhistory.mit.edu/" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="135" data-original-width="450" height="96" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqh6o8MwfHpxrSNRpz82rIMuOV8zByZg7capEtfFbyX5Du0gsQp0t-51eGqb9q42yLz-8M4nLLNAY3rvjaWqG6LHTbG0eBJNywe7-ERFVkETq6ZBSyRdQyz1wBLuQU3CuLon763mTE04Py/s320/Blogger+MIT+Pic+label.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://blackhistory.mit.edu/" target="_blank"><span style="color: white;">Curating the MIT Black Experience</span></a></b></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
MIT Black Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12669346478373790213noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2601081044172866674.post-46641503040117570342017-10-08T03:29:00.001-07:002018-02-20T01:09:19.311-08:00MIT Black History<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://blackhistory.mit.edu/" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="460" data-original-width="459" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0wD2sNrESN5x5pRiLEmn7qkeFmFFc-RGNWEyHiZhiuDRDUtw1zlerj_n4zCHyWMwX3YsJ1DRkAv3aOWMwDOFXaCPtkrEV9y2GieI2v4miw22V5gFFiSNtFg2Qq8f3haYGj_mlK_vK9Boo/s320/MIT_blk_hist_sm+II.jpg" width="319" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Capture the MO*MIT… More Of MIT</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
The Blacks at MIT History Project is a
continuous research effort and collaborative endeavor sponsored by
the MIT Office of the Provost. The project is archiving the
historical achievements and influence that students, staff, faculty,
and management have accomplished for MIT in their ongoing careers.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
The Blacks at MIT History Project
mission is to research, identify, and produce scholarly curatorial
content on the black experience at MIT since opening its doors in
1865. This Project was founded and is directed by Dr. Clarence G.
Williams, Adjunct Professor of Urban Studies & Planning Emeritus
and Former Special Assistant to the President, MIT. He is an
innovator in higher education for four decades and a recipient of a
Ph.D. in Higher Education Administration and Counseling Psychology.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Dr. Williams joined the administration
at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1972 as Assistant
Dean of the Graduate School and was named Special Assistant to the
President and Chancellor for Minority Affairs in 1974. From
1980-1982, he served as Acting Director of the Office of Minority
Education, and from 1984-1997, he assumed additional responsibilities
as Assistant Equal Opportunity Officer, along with a broader scope of
the Special Assistant position, to serve the MIT community as an
ombudsperson. From 1992 until his status changed to emeritus in 2004,
he taught race relations and diversity courses in the Department of
Urban Studies and Planning. He is serving, since 1995, as the Founder
and Director of the Blacks at MIT History Project.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
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The project’s continuing objective is
to place the black experience at MIT in its full and appropriate
context, by researching and disseminating a varied set of materials.
It is also exposing a larger community of interests — both inside
and outside MIT — to this rich and historically significant legacy.
We are currently conducting oral history video interviews with black
tenured faculty at MIT. The videos explore each faculty member’s
passion for what he or she does, involving their professional fields,
their research and teaching, and their personal journey. How did they
become who they are? What was the path that led them to MIT? The
videos will be part of a web-based history, with multimedia access by
the public including particular outreach to young people.
Additionally, the project is producing audio and image narratives
reflecting on the continuing legacy of the this unique and important
population within the MIT experience.</div>
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The Blacks at MIT History Project Team<br />
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<b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://blackhistory.mit.edu/" target="_blank"><span style="color: white;">Curating the MIT Black Experience</span></a></b></div>
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MIT Black Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12669346478373790213noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2601081044172866674.post-30037033038506786822016-10-19T03:28:00.001-07:002018-02-20T01:12:12.879-08:00An Esteemed Election to the Prestigious National Academy of Medicine<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTUquoYoqvEOq7Qq4hyUJS8hHmBiuJOvbfeRrD-v1srisN3V5QAoWUb7Aw1OV2hUHuYp80gcaYbxb8TlM_XjekXa1UA8oZuT6Gi93RU6giZ-sSq_EjQeeNyC1YPx0wDW5bo8hvSlUOW4hE/s1600/Barack+Obama+and+Paula+Hammond+-+MIT.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTUquoYoqvEOq7Qq4hyUJS8hHmBiuJOvbfeRrD-v1srisN3V5QAoWUb7Aw1OV2hUHuYp80gcaYbxb8TlM_XjekXa1UA8oZuT6Gi93RU6giZ-sSq_EjQeeNyC1YPx0wDW5bo8hvSlUOW4hE/s320/Barack+Obama+and+Paula+Hammond+-+MIT.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">U.S. President Barack Obama visiting Dr. Paula Hammond</span></div>
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Dr. Paula Hammond, MIT Distinguished Professor elected to the <a href="https://nam.edu/" target="_blank">National Academy of Medicine</a>.<br />
<br />
Paula Hammond, the David H. Koch Professor in Engineering and head of <a href="http://web.mit.edu/cheme/" target="_blank">MIT’s Department of Chemical Engineering</a>, has been elected to the National Academy of Medicine (NAM) in recognition of her distinguished contributions to medicine and health.<br />
<br />
Hammond is one of 70 new members and nine international members announced on October 17, 2016 at the annual meeting of the NAM. Membership in the NAM is considered one of the highest honors in the fields of health and medicine and recognizes individuals who have demonstrated outstanding professional achievements and commitment to service.<br />
<br />
Barack Obama smiles at Paula Hammond every day. A framed photo of the president, standing next to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology scientist, hangs on the wall over her desk here at MIT. “That was from his 2009 visit,” she says with a grin. Hammond was one of only a few MIT faculty members selected to present their work to the president in what turned out to be like a grown-up version of a science fair. She presented work on virus-based batteries. “We had to explain our science in 5 minutes,” she says. “But then Obama asked so many questions that we went way over time.”<br />
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Like Obama, Hammond is an emblem of change. Her chemical engineering research has evolved rapidly over the 15 years since she got started, riding some of that field's big trends. It started with a fairly fundamental study of polymers, the long chains that certain organic molecules form. First it was their mechanochromic properties—how their colors shift in response to physical stress—then their thermochromic properties, and finally their electrochromic properties. “I find color fascinating,” Hammond says.<br />
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Dr. Hammond's laboratory basic research has since yielded a torrent of industrial applications, from medical diagnostic devices to flexible electronics—more than enough to keep most scientists busy. Starting in 2001, she added a sideline on military applications, helping found the <a href="http://isnweb.mit.edu/" target="_blank">Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies</a> at MIT, focusing on technology that protects soldiers from harm and heals their wounds. For example, her lab developed a material that can be sprayed onto wounds to accelerate blood clotting.<br />
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Hammond’s many awards and honors include the Alpha Chi Sigma Award for Chemical Engineering Research in 2014, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers Charles M. A. Stine Award in Materials Engineering and Science in 2013, the Ovarian Cancer Research Program Teal Innovator Award in 2013, the Junior Bose Faculty Award for Excellence in Teaching in 2000, an National Science Foundation Career Award in 1997, and the MIT Karl Taylor Compton Prize in 1992 (in recognition of achievements in citizenship and devotion to the welfare of MIT).<br />
<br />
She is a member of the <a href="http://www.aaas.org/" target="_blank">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>, a fellow and former director of the Board of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, and a fellow of the <a href="https://www.aps.org/about/index.cfm" target="_blank">American Physical Society</a> and <a href="http://aimbe.org/" target="_blank">American Institute of Biomedical and Biological Engineering</a>, among other honors.<br />
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Professor Hammond received her S.B. in
Chemical Engineering from MIT (1984), and her M.S. in Chemical
Engineering from Georgia Tech (1988), and earned her Ph.D. (1993) in
Chemical Engineering from MIT.</div>
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Excerpts from <a href="http://%7C/" target="_blank">MIT News Office</a> | Anne Trafton | October 17, 2016</div>
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Excerpts from <i><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/" target="_blank"><b>Science Magazine</b></a></i> | <a href="https://www.amacad.org/" target="_blank">AAAS</a> | John Bohannon | Dec. 3, 2014 </div>
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Image credit: Dr. Ben Wang - <a href="https://www.pinterest.com/pin/123004633543338782/" target="_blank">Pinterest</a></div>
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<b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://blackhistory.mit.edu/" target="_blank"><span style="color: white;">Curating the MIT Black Experience</span></a></b></div>
<br />MIT Black Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12669346478373790213noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2601081044172866674.post-30466402114172448382016-09-20T22:16:00.006-07:002018-02-20T01:25:16.965-08:00Illustrious Entrepreneur par Excellence of the Highest Order<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBBe9671nLuZGdw37DFALs4RH56ZPGywBA78zBDwhEDOyQHGzvSblaTx75w7chaGt76Wg450gim8AQa_mbzGmFNX2lnWY39Y9x8fpjMBn5OD_v_BE1r5GGm4ALy1zgQm10J5jDblpjWb22/s1600/DL+Obama+Mandela-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="115" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBBe9671nLuZGdw37DFALs4RH56ZPGywBA78zBDwhEDOyQHGzvSblaTx75w7chaGt76Wg450gim8AQa_mbzGmFNX2lnWY39Y9x8fpjMBn5OD_v_BE1r5GGm4ALy1zgQm10J5jDblpjWb22/s320/DL+Obama+Mandela-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br />Dale LeFebvre</span></div>
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Dale
LeFebvre is the founder and Chairman of <a href="http://www.35711.com/index.html" target="_blank">3.5.7.11</a>, a holding company
that creates value for technology driven companies through a
proprietary methodology of Transformational Investing™.</div>
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LeFebvre
began his career as an intern for <a href="http://www.biography.com/people/ted-kennedy-9362890#senate-career" target="_blank">Senator Edward Kennedy</a> and as a
<a href="https://www.bell-labs.com/fellowships/crfp/" target="_blank">Bell Laboratories fellow</a>. He then went on to develop strategic
management experience working at several Wall Street merger and
acquisition firms and the global management consulting firm, <a href="http://www.mckinsey.com/" target="_blank">McKinsey & Company</a>.
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After
McKinsey, LeFebvre became the Managing Partner for <a href="http://www.pharosfunds.com/" target="_blank">Pharos Capital Group</a>, one of the largest minority private equity firms and served as
Managing Partner for <a href="http://www.35711.com/companies-aic-caribbean.html" target="_blank">AIC Caribbean Fund</a>, the largest
Caribbean-focused private equity firm.
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LeFebvre
holds a BS in Electrical & Electronic Engineering (1993) from <a href="http://web.mit.edu/" target="_blank">MIT</a>, an MBA from <a href="http://www.hbs.edu/Pages/default.aspx" target="_blank">Harvard Business School</a> (1999), a JD from <a href="http://hls.harvard.edu/" target="_blank">Harvard Law School</a> (1999), and a MFA in Literature and Poetry from <a href="http://www.american.edu/cas/" target="_blank">American University</a> (2016). LeFebvre is also the holder of a software patent
from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, <a href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PTXT&s1=8321271&s2=8126772&OS=8321271+AND+8126772&RS=8321271+AND+8126772" target="_blank">Patent # 8321271</a>.</div>
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Dale has
managed and raised more than $1 billion in institutional capital. The
current portfolio generates more than $300 million with operations in
11 states and territories, and now employs more than 1600. He is an
alum of McKinsey and Company and is the recipient of numerous honors
and awards, including a Bell Labs Fellowship, a Harvard Law
Traphagen, and the 2006 <a href="https://www.aspeninstitute.org/" target="_blank">Aspen Institute </a>Henry Crown Fellowship. He
also holds multiple patents. <br />
<br />
An engaged participant in his community,
Dale serves on several Boards, including the <a href="http://www.fords.org/donate/major-gifts/abraham-lincoln-national-council" target="_blank">Abraham Lincoln National Council of Ford's Theater Society</a>, the President’s Advisory
Committee on the Arts for the <a href="http://www.kennedy-center.org/" target="_blank">John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts</a>, and the <a href="http://uvi.edu/administration/institutional-advancement/development/default.aspx" target="_blank">University of the Virgin Islands Foundation</a>
where he has endowed a fellowship. He is also an Emeritus Board
Member of the <a href="http://nul.iamempowered.com/" target="_blank">National Urban League</a>. In 2015, Dale was appointed Vice Chair of the
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" target="_blank">Democratic National Committee’s National Finance Committee</a> and is a
member of <a href="http://www.ypo.org/" target="_blank">YPO</a>. <br />
<br />
A passionate foodie, Dale has cooked for
various restaurateurs, oenophiles, celebrities and the President of
the United States. He is a native of Beaumont, Texas and a resident
of the U.S. Virgin Islands who currently splits his time between the
Virgin Islands and Washington D.C. Dale is a 2006 Henry Crown Fellow
and a member of the Aspen Global Leadership Network.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Images courtesy of <a href="http://www.blackenterprise.com/" target="_blank">Black Enterprise</a> and Dale LeFebvre</i></span><br />
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<b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://blackhistory.mit.edu/" target="_blank"><span style="color: white;">Curating the MIT Black Experience</span></a></b></div>
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MIT Black Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12669346478373790213noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2601081044172866674.post-40790711789016058582016-09-17T06:52:00.001-07:002018-02-20T01:27:55.849-08:00An Enduring Legacy for Youth in STEM<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-size: large;">Karl W. Reid, Ed.D. - Executive Director - NSBE</span></div>
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Dr. Karl Reid is the Executive Director of the <a href="http://www.nsbe.org/home.aspx" target="_blank">National Society of Black Engineers</a> (NSBE), a 30,000 plus student-governed association
in Alexandria, VA whose mission is to increase the number of culturally
responsible black engineers who excel academically, succeed professionally and
positively impact the global community.<br />
<br />
On June 2, 2014, Dr. Reid was named Executive Director of
the National Society of Black Engineers (NSBE), the world’s largest student-run
engineering organization. Prior to joining NSBE, Dr. Reid was Senior Vice
President of Research, Innovation and Member College Engagement at <a href="http://uncf.org/" target="_blank">UNCF</a>. In
this capacity, he developed and implemented educational, research and
capacity-building programs for UNCF’s 37 member historically black colleges and
universities (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historically_black_colleges_and_universities" target="_blank">HBCUs</a>).<br />
<br />
Dr. Reid arrived at UNCF from the <a href="http://web.mit.edu/" target="_blank">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT) after serving as Associate Dean of
Undergraduate Education (DUE), Assistant to the Chancellor for Diversity and
Director of the Office of Minority Education. He lectures on race, identity, and
achievement and blogs about student success in college.<br />
<br />
Prior to his previous appointments, Dr. Reid served as the Executive Director
of Engineering Outreach Programs (<a href="https://oeop.mit.edu/" target="_blank">OEOP</a>) for MIT’s School of Engineering, where he
directed the nationally recognized Minority Introduction to Engineering and
Science (<a href="https://oeop.mit.edu/programs/mites" target="_blank">MITES</a>) Program, a residential summer program for talented high school
seniors.<br />
<br />
During his tenure at MIT, he also founded the Saturday Engineering Enrichment
and Discovery (SEED) Academy, and the Science Technology Engineering and Math
(STEM) Program, both of which are year-round academic and mentoring programs
for local high school and middle school students.<br />
<br />
Dr. Reid began his career in the computer industry in product management,
marketing, sales and consulting for several companies, including six years with
<a href="http://www.ibm.com/us-en/" target="_blank">IBM</a>. Dr Reid earned both his Bachelor and Master of Science degrees in
<a href="https://dmse.mit.edu/" target="_blank">Materials Science and Engineering</a> from MIT and his Doctorate of Education from
the <a href="http://www.gse.harvard.edu/" target="_blank">Harvard Graduate School of Education</a>. From his dissertation research on
African American male achievement in college, he conducted workshops and
seminars to high school and university faculty audiences. Reid is now supporting NSBE’s National
Executive Board and the Society’s 31,000 members in reaching the main goal of
NSBE’s 10-year Strategic Plan: to move black students and professionals from
underrepresentation to overrepresentation in engineering within the U.S., by
producing 10,000 Black Engineers annually in the country, by 2025.<br />
<br />
Dr. Reid is a member of the <a href="https://www.dcstemnetwork.org/" target="_blank">DC STEM Network Advisory Council</a> and the <a href="http://www.asce.org/" target="_blank">AmericanSociety of Civil Engineers</a>’ “Dream Big” IMAX Movie Technical Advisory Council.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Image Credit and Excerpts from LinkedIn and NSBE<o:p></o:p></div>
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Harvard University Graduate School of Education<br />
Ed.D., Racial Identity, Self-Efficacy, Achievement<br />
2001 – 2007<o:p></o:p></div>
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology<br />
M.S., Materials Science and Engineering<br />
1984 – 1985<br />
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology<br />
B.S., Materials Science and Engineering<br />
1980 – 1984</div>
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<b style="color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://blackhistory.mit.edu/" target="_blank">Curating the MIT Black Experience</a></b></div>
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MIT Black Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12669346478373790213noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2601081044172866674.post-31163471018185476322016-09-09T16:37:00.001-07:002016-09-11T05:22:25.564-07:00Outstanding Dynamics and Creativity of a Visionary Couple<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Diane J. Hoskins</b></span></div>
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FAIA</div>
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Co-CEO, Gensler</div>
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<br />
Diane is one of two Gensler Co-CEOs,
whose collaborative leadership model sets itself apart in the
marketplace as a leading global design firm. For her innovative
leadership, she and Co-CEO Andy Cohen rank on <i>Business Insider’s</i>
elite “Creators” list, a who’s who of the world’s 100 top
creative visionaries. </div>
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A hands-on leader, Diane oversees Gensler’s
global platform and its day-to-day operations, some 5,000+ people
networked across 46 offices, serving clients in 120+ countries. Diane
is focused on Gensler’s global talent strategies, performance and
organizational development to ensure that we serve our clients with
the world’s top talent. She is Vice Chair of Gensler’s Board of
Directors and the catalyst for Gensler’s Research program, for
which Diane is committed to delivering value to clients through
strategies and innovations like Gensler’s Workplace Performance
Index® (WPI). </div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
A Registered Architect, she graduated from the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, (SB '79) Architecture + Planning and holds an MBA from the
Anderson Graduate School of Management at UCLA (MBA '87). Diane received an
Outstanding Impact Award from the Council of Real Estate Women and is
both a Regent of the American Architectural Foundation and a Fellow
of the American Institute of Architects. Her insights have appeared
in the <i>Financial Times</i>, <i>Harvard Business Review</i>, The <i>Washington Post
</i>and <i>The Economist</i>; and she was a featured speaker at <i>Bloomberg
Businessweek’s</i> CEO Conference. In her role as Co-CEO, Diane is one
of the key contributors to what is acknowledged, by its peers, to be
the most admired and largest architecture firm in the world,
pioneering project types and design innovation strategies for the
next century.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i>As shared from <a href="http://gensler.com/">Gensler.com</a></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Victor Hoskins</b></span></div>
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</div>
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Director</div>
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Arlington County Economic
Development (AED)</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Victor was appointed director of economic development for Arlington County Virginia in January 2015. He brings more than 25 years of experience in economic development and executive leadership. Hoskins comes to Arlington after
serving as Prince George’s County, MD.’s deputy chief
administrative officer for Economic Development and Public
Infrastructure (2014). Before working for Prince George’s, he was Washington, DC deputy mayor for planning and economic development since 2011. “Victor will bring a wealth of
experience, creativity and dynamism to our team. He will be leading
AED at a time of increased challenges and opportunities for
Arlington,” County Manager Barbara Donnellan said in a press
release. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Hoskins has a long track record of
working in DC and Maryland in both housing and economic
development, serving as former Maryland Gov. Robert Ehrlich’s
cabinet secretary of the Department of Housing and Community
Development. From 2009-2011, he was the Vice President of Quadel
Consulting, a District-based affordable housing consulting and
training firm.</div>
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<br /></div>
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</div>
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“I’m excited to join the Arlington
team, and look forward to marketing a county known across the nation
as a leader in transit-oriented, sustainable development,” Hoskins
said in a statement. “I can’t wait to be a part of this
innovative government that holds itself to the highest ethical
standards and promotes a healthy work-life balance.”</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
During his tenure with Prince George's County he led efforts to bring a
$123 million conference center and hotel at University of Maryland
College Park, and attracted the first foreign directed investment from
China to build a $63.5 million mixed use project in College Park for
professors and graduate students. As deputy mayor for Washington, DC his achievements included the creation
of 52,600 jobs through public private partnership projects and the
groundbreaking and/or completion of 87
commercial/retail/hotel/residential projects totaling $7.5 billion in
3 years, including the Southwest Waterfront project and City Center
project. He also initiated the transformation of the city’s Tech
Ecosystem with the attraction of accelerator Fortify VC, expansion of
Tech Tax Credits, and the establishment of tech startup co-working
space 1776. He also held leadership roles with Urban America LP, and the Maryland Department of Business and Economic
Development.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Mr. Hoskins holds a Master’s degree (MCP '81) in City Planning: Real Estate Finance/ Economic Development from
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and a Bachelor of Arts ('79),
Cum Laude: Psychology/Urban Studies from Dartmouth College. He also
studied Development Finance at Harvard University, Kennedy School of
Government.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i>As shared from <a href="https://www.arlingtoneconomicdevelopment.com/" target="_blank">Arlington County Government</a></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Images courtesy of Gensler and Arlington County respectively</span></div>
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MIT Black Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12669346478373790213noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2601081044172866674.post-28180816914284730792016-07-08T03:22:00.002-07:002016-07-09T04:37:58.671-07:00Supreme Decisions and Sound Advisories<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ5hjbKLIWHxR6TTlTUo3RP-FdOaV6vnnOqTVmrj45pC6KuGsX88zMvb0dJ4w4mJpVVQBci2bHZJ459fS51tJYTw0gJGNe5ICQdmlCa8tGyGzpDbCJBjCKEX_U443CaWjLu_Mu6Gy22ylD/s1600/SJG+Medal+of+Science.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ5hjbKLIWHxR6TTlTUo3RP-FdOaV6vnnOqTVmrj45pC6KuGsX88zMvb0dJ4w4mJpVVQBci2bHZJ459fS51tJYTw0gJGNe5ICQdmlCa8tGyGzpDbCJBjCKEX_U443CaWjLu_Mu6Gy22ylD/s320/SJG+Medal+of+Science.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dr. Sylvester James Gates</span><br /><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Image Credit: White House</span></span></div>
<br />
A Distinguished University Professor,
University System of Maryland Regents Professor and John S. Toll
Professor of Physics at the University of Maryland. Also an affiliate
mathematics professor, Gates is known for his pioneering work in
supersymmetry and supergravity, areas closely related to string
theory. Gates earned two Bachelor of Science degrees in physics and
mathematics and his Ph.D. in physics from the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology. In 1984, Gates co-authored Superspace, or One Thousand
and One Lessons in Supersymmetry, the first comprehensive book on
supersymmetry, and joined the faculty at Maryland as an associate
professor. Four years later, he became the first African American to
hold an endowed chair in physics at a major U.S. research university.<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: center;"><br /></span></div>
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</div>
The
author of more than 200 research papers and a member of the National
Academy of Sciences, Gates has been featured in dozens of video
documentaries, including five in 2015. For his contribution to
science and research, he received the National Medal of Science from
President Obama in 2013. Gates serves on the U.S. President’s
Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, the National
Commission on Forensic Science, and the Maryland State Board of
Education. He is a strong advocate for science, technology,
engineering and mathematics education.<br />
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<br /></div>
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Dr. Gates contributed to an Amicus Brief respectfully submitted to the Supreme Court of the United States of America on October 15, 2015.</div>
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No. 14-981</div>
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<br /></div>
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_____________________________________________</div>
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In the</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Supreme Court of the United States</b></span></div>
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<br />
ABIGAIL NOEL FISHER,</div>
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Petitioner,</div>
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vs.</div>
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UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN, <i>et al.,</i></div>
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<i>Respondents.</i></div>
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____________________________</div>
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<br />
ON PETITION FOR A WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO</div>
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THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS</div>
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FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT</div>
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<br />
_____________________________________________<br />
<span style="font-size: 6pt;"></span><br />
BRIEF OF CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY, CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY, EMORY UNIVERSITY, GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY, NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, RICE UNIVERSITY, TULANE UNIVERSITY, UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER AND WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS AS AMICI CURIAE IN SUPPORT OF RESPONDENTS<br />
____________________________________________<br />
<div>
<br />
JEFFREY A. UDELL<br />
Counsel of Record<br />
ELLEN V. HOLLOMAN<br />
JEREMY M. KING<br />
KYLE C. BISCEGLIE<br />
OLSHAN FROME WOLOSKY LLP<br />
Park Avenue Tower<br />
65 East 55th Street<br />
New York, New York 10022<br />
(212) 451-2300<br />
judell@olshanlaw.com<br />
<br />
Counsel for Amici Curiae </div>
</div>
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____________________________________________</div>
<div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.65in; page-break-before: auto;">
<br />Amici respectfully submit that, for all of the foregoing reasons,
this Court should affirm the Fifth Circuit’s judgment that the University of Texas’ holistic
admissions policy satisfies the Court’s strict scrutiny
requirements.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.65in;">
Dated: New
York, NY</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.65in;">
October 30, 2015</div>
</div>
<div>
<i><br /></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
In the Amicus Brief's primary section
outlining support for diversity in private universities:<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.scotusblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/14-981_amicus_resp_CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology.authcheckdam.pdf" target="_blank">PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES LIKE AMICI HAVE A COMPELLING INTEREST IN ACHIEVING ADIVERSE STUDENT BODY BY EMPLOYING A HOLISTIC, INDIVIDUALIZED ADMISSIONS PROCESS, WHICH IMPROVES THE EDUCATIONAL EXPERIENCE FOR ALL STUDENTS</a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>Dr. Gates is quoted in Section D, page
21, footnote 27 within the section entitled:</i></div>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
<i>Private Universities Have A
Compelling Interest In Diversity Throughout Their Academic Programs,
Including Science And Technology Fields In Which Certain Minority
Groups Are Particularly Underrepresented</i></div>
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<br /></div>
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</div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
The benefits of diversity extend to all
disciplines, including the hard sciences and engineering. As a
leading physicist noted, “[a]lthough there may be one answer to a
physics, chemistry or mathematics problem (based on the current state
of knowledge), there are often multiple paths for arriving at that
answer. In a broadly diverse classroom, all students thus benefit
from hearing the different questions posed in the educational arena.”</div>
</div>
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___________________________________</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
On June 23, 2016, the United States Supreme Court upheld the Affirmative Action program at the University of Texas handing supporters of Affirmative Action a major victory. The
decision, by a 4 to 3 vote, was unexpected.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
It is remarkable that Dr. Gates body of lifetime achievements and research work represents the best of what science can achieve, also in social spheres that positively contributes to the administering of the education process within all of our institutions of higher education. We commend Dr. Gates for his lifetime commitment to science, engineering, and technology.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Prior to the landmark judicial decision, Dr. Gates had written an editorial for the magazine, <i><b><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6280/1371.full" target="_blank">Science</a></b></i>, which was published on March 25, 2016.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6280/1371.full" target="_blank">Science, 25 Mar 2016:</a></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6280/1371.full" target="_blank">Vol. 351, Issue 6280, pp. 1371</a></div>
</div>
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6280/1371.full" target="_blank">DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf6992</a></div>
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MIT Black Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12669346478373790213noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2601081044172866674.post-21302288039954814852016-06-27T03:35:00.001-07:002017-12-09T04:35:36.027-08:00Academic Bridge Building<br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Dr. Clarence G. Williams</span></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
Dr. Williams is the <a href="http://libraries.mit.edu/mithistory/bibliography/highlighted-sources-for-researching-mits-history/" target="_blank">author</a> of... <i>Technology and the Dream: </i>Reflections on the Black Experience at
MIT, 1941–1999 along with <i>Reflections of the Dream, 1975–1994</i>: Twenty-One Years Celebrating the Life
of Dr. Martin Jr. at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.</div>
</div>
<br />
Williams is Adjunct Professor Emeritus of <a href="https://dusp.mit.edu/" target="_blank">Urban Studies and Planning</a> at the <a href="https://sap.mit.edu/" target="_blank">MIT School of Architecture + Planning</a>. The department is the longest-running continuous planning
program in the United States, repeatedly ranked #1 in the nation, the
Department of Urban Studies and Planning has the largest planning
faculty in the United States, possibly in the world, with
unparalleled breadth and depth of expertise. An article, written by Audrey Williams June, was published on March 18, 2016 by the <a href="http://chronicle.com/article/Building-Bridge-Leaders-/235622" target="_blank">Chronicle of Higher Education</a> entitled "Finding Bridge Leaders for Minority Professors and Students". Dr. Williams was interviewed and expounded upon the critical importance of cultivating an environment that proliferates proven success in higher education. The published account is reproduced below as a courtesy to the great work the Chronicle is performing in recognition of outstanding work by committed faculty and administrators, past and present, in this specific academic arena. Please save locally or open the images in a new tab for further review.<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Dr. Williams Image Credits: D.L. Anderson</span></div>
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Further published research by Dr. Williams on this topic can be found at the titled link below in an article published and posted by the "Trotter Review".</div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b>Trotter Review</b></div>
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Volume 8, Issue 2, 9-21-1994</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Recruiting, Retaining, and Producing
Future Leaders in Higher Education</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Dr. Clarence G. Williams</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://scholarworks.umb.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1275&context=trotter_review" target="_blank"><b>Role Models and Mentors for Blacks at Predominantly White Campuses</b></a></div>
MIT Black Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12669346478373790213noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2601081044172866674.post-6485290890203202682016-05-23T03:59:00.002-07:002016-09-11T05:16:46.557-07:00President Obama Honors Top U.S. Scientists & Innovators<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Image: Courtesy of the White House</span></div>
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<a href="http://news.rpi.edu/content/2015/12/22/president-shirley-ann-jackson-named-recipient-national-medal-science" target="_blank">Dr. Shirley A. Jackson</a> and <a href="http://www.courant.com/education/hc-cato-laurencin-white-house-1223-20151223-story.html" target="_blank">Dr. Cato Laurencin</a> (MIT Alumni) were among the 17 honorees to receive the prestigious National Medal of Science & National Medal of Technology and Innovation awards (respectively) at the White House in Washington, DC on May 19th. These awards are the nation's highest honor for achievement bestowed by the President of the United States.<br />
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Aru Pande</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Voice of America (VOA)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">May 19, 2016 8:42 PM</span></div>
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For Pakistani-American Mark Humayun, his
grandmother who went blind from diabetes inspired him to develop a
computer chip that goes into the eye to restore sight - otherwise
known as the "bionic eye."</div>
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"I am happy to report that that is
an approved product in the U.S. and Europe in helping many people
worldwide," the ophthalmologic surgeon told reporters at the
White House Thursday.</div>
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For scientist Jonathan Rothberg, it was
his newborn son who was rushed to the hospital with breathing
problems nearly two decades ago that led him to become a pioneer in
genetic sequencing technology.</div>
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"I am gratified today because not
only did the president say my family was beautiful, but my (now)
16-year-old son had a smile on his face," Rothberg said.</div>
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Seventeen recipients of National Medals
of Science & National Medals of Technology & Innovation speak
to reporters at White House. (A. Pande/VOA)</div>
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The two are among 17 recipients of this
year’s National Medal of Science and National Medal of Technology
and Innovation, awarded annually for outstanding contributions to
science and engineering.</div>
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"The amount of brain power in this
room right now is astonishing," President Barack Obama said
Thursday as he presented each of the men and women with their medals
in the East Room of the White House.</div>
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Obama said bestowing the honor is
particularly significant in inspiring the next generations to enter
science and technology.</div>
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"We want those who have invented
the products and lifesaving medicines and are engineering our future
to be celebrated," Obama noted. "Immersing young people in
science math engineering - that’s what’s going to carry the
American spirit of innovation through the 21st century and beyond."</div>
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The president noted that many of the
recipients came from humble or ordinary beginnings, but were inspired
by something or someone along their life’s journey.</div>
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"Because they lived in an America
that fosters curiosity and invests in education and values science as
important to our progress, they were able to find their calling and
do extraordinary things," Obama said.</div>
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<b><u>Young Science Advisors</u></b></div>
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During the ceremony, the president
announced the launch of a kids science advisers campaign aimed at
soliciting ideas from young people on shaping the future of science
and technology in the United States.</div>
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The cause is an important one for
National Medal of Science recipient <a href="http://rpi.edu/president/profile.html" target="_blank">Shirley Ann Jackson</a>.</div>
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The Washington D.C. native is the first
African American to earn a doctorate in physics from Massachusetts
Institute of Technology and the second woman to do so in the United
States.</div>
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Standing alongside her fellow honorees
after the ceremony, Jackson outlined the reasons young people should
go into STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics),
including the ability to make a positive impact on humanity.</div>
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"It is important to inspire and
encourage and invite young people early. Because the people here who
are being recognized have worked over decades, and they started
early, but, with that, the sky’s the limit."</div>
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National Medal of Technology and
Innovation recipient Chenming Hu, a pioneer in semiconductor
technology for developing the first three-dimensional transistors,
offered this encouragement to kids who might be discouraged by math.</div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
As shared from <a href="http://www.voanews.com/content/obama-honors-top-us-scientists-and-innovators/3338402.html" target="_blank">VOA</a></div>
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MIT Black Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12669346478373790213noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2601081044172866674.post-39516377138932054752016-05-10T04:50:00.000-07:002016-09-11T05:17:47.200-07:00Internationally Recognized Scholar, Leading Edge Researcher, Innovative Dean of Engineering<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6Yi3TPvig3jvSx0vtNOXHsSTqUhgNmoQOfCgh6XeUw0Vb4vmn576XgaWHzTyhsBjQmcl5IuPKCuhfieRYXF7qkpKXIj03wV2Lw6XuaTsqZzXwifFHVFwjg6NuFAHgBi9HoxvPlzn8uG72/s1600/darryll-pines+Main.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6Yi3TPvig3jvSx0vtNOXHsSTqUhgNmoQOfCgh6XeUw0Vb4vmn576XgaWHzTyhsBjQmcl5IuPKCuhfieRYXF7qkpKXIj03wV2Lw6XuaTsqZzXwifFHVFwjg6NuFAHgBi9HoxvPlzn8uG72/s320/darryll-pines+Main.jpg" width="226" /></a></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Dr. Darryll Pines</b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
Dean of the <a href="http://eng.umd.edu/" target="_blank">A. James Clark School of Engineering</a></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.umd.edu/" target="_blank">University of Maryland</a></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>Quote: Scientists study the world that
is. Engineers design the world that will be.</i></div>
<br />
Dr. Pines has served as Dean and
<a href="http://www.eng.umd.edu/html/news/news_story.php?id=2485" target="_blank">Nariman Farvardin Professor</a> of Aerospace Engineering at the Clark
School since January 2009. He first arrived at the Clark School in
1995 as an assistant professor and then served as Chair of the
Department of Aerospace Engineering from 2006 to 2009.</div>
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<u>A Major Force in Engineering</u></div>
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Because of the quality and scope of our
work, and our location, we are a major force in the nation's
technological advancement, working hand-in-hand with corporate,
government and academic colleagues. Our research expenditures—more
than $110 million for the most recent fiscal year—indicate our
leading role in <a href="http://www.aero.umd.edu/" target="_blank">aerospace</a>, networking technologies, <a href="http://www.bioe.umd.edu/" target="_blank">bioengineering</a>,
defense and consumer <a href="http://www.ece.umd.edu/" target="_blank">electronics</a>, intelligent <a href="http://www.catt.umd.edu/" target="_blank">transportation</a>,
advanced <a href="http://www.mse.umd.edu/" target="_blank">materials</a>, <a href="https://nanocenter.umd.edu/" target="_blank">nanotechnology</a>, <a href="http://www.umerc.umd.edu/" target="_blank">energy</a> and public safety, to name
only a few. If you want to help our country take on difficult
challenges—how to explore space, communicate more securely and
effectively, develop new treatments for diseases, travel with greater
safety, create new energy resources and unlock the potential of the
"nano-world"—come to the Clark School.</div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
If you want to build sustainable
solutions for specific engineering problems in countries around the
globe, work with our award-winning <a href="http://www.ewb.umd.edu/" target="_blank">Engineers Without Borders</a> program.
If you want to help advance innovative ventures to drive the region's
economy, facilitate technology transfer, and promote technology
entrepreneurship, work with our <a href="http://www.mtech.umd.edu/index.html" target="_blank">Maryland Technology Enterprise Institute</a>. At the Clark School, we're fully engaged—in the region,
the nation and the world.</div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
As Dean, Pines has led the development
of the Clark School's current strategic plan and achieved notable
successes in key areas, such as improving teaching in fundamental
undergraduate courses and raising student retention; achieving
success in national and international student competitions; placing
new emphasis on sustainability engineering and service learning;
promoting STEM education among high school students; increasing the
impact of research programs; and expanding philanthropic
contributions to the school. <br />
<br />
Today, the school's one-year
undergraduate retention rate and four-year graduation rate is 90
percent and 60 percent respectively. The university's <a href="http://2011.solarteam.org/" target="_blank">Solar Decathlon team</a> placed first worldwide in the most recent competition against
other leading universities, the <a href="http://www.ewb.umd.edu/" target="_blank">Engineers Without Borders</a> chapter is
considered one of the nation's best, and the <a href="http://www.energy.umd.edu/sustainability/workshop-2013" target="_blank">Engineering Sustainability Workshop</a> launched by Pines has become a key campus
event. Pines has testified before Congress on STEM education and
created the Top <a href="http://www.eng.umd.edu/prospective/top25" target="_blank">25 Source Schools program</a> for Maryland high schools.
At a national level he has led an effort as part of the <a href="http://www.asee.org/member-resources/councils-and-chapters/engineering-deans-council" target="_blank">American Society for Engineering Education-ASEE Deans Council’s K-12 STEM Committee</a> to develop a potential College Board AP Exam in
Engineering. He is the current Secretary on the Executive Committee
of the National <a href="http://www.gemfellowship.org/" target="_blank">GEM Consortium</a> (GEM), a national non-profit providing
programming and full fellowships to support increasing untapped
domestic human capital at the graduate level in STEM fields.
</div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
The Clark School's research
expenditures are $119 million, and the school is ranked 34th
worldwide by the Academic Ranking of World Universities, which
focuses on research citations. The Clark School led the university in
achieving and surpassing its $185 million Great Expectations campaign
goal, going on to reach $240 million as of the most recent
accounting.</div>
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During Pines' leadership of aerospace
engineering, the department was ranked 8th overall among U.S.
universities and 5th among public schools in the U.S. News and World
Report graduate school rankings. Pines has been director of the Sloan
Scholars Program since 1996, and served as chair of the <a href="https://www.engc.org.uk/" target="_blank">Engineering Council</a>, director of the <a href="http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/constellation/stars/profiles/cuip.html" target="_blank">NASA CUIP Program</a>, and director of the
<a href="http://lasp.colorado.edu/home/sampex/" target="_blank">SAMPEX flight experiment</a>. He currently serves on the Executive and
Advisory Board for Engineers Without Borders-EWB National and major
corporations.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
During a leave of absence from the
University (2003-2006), Pines served as Program Manager for the
Tactical Technology Office and Defense Sciences Office of <a href="http://www.darpa.mil/" target="_blank">DARPA</a>
(Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency). While at DARPA, Pines
initiated five new programs primarily related to the development of
aerospace technologies, for which he received a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Distinguished_Service_Medal" target="_blank">Distinguished Service Medal</a>. He also held positions at the <a href="https://www.llnl.gov/" target="_blank">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a> (LLNL), <a href="https://www.chevron.com/" target="_blank">Chevron Corporation</a>, and Space Tethers Inc. At
LLNL, Pines worked on the <a href="http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LCROSS/searchforwater/clementine.html" target="_blank">Clementine Spacecraft program</a>, which
discovered water near the south pole of the moon. A replica of the
spacecraft now sits in the <a href="https://airandspace.si.edu/" target="_blank">National Air and Space Museum</a>.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Pines' current research focuses on
structural dynamics, including structural health monitoring and
prognosis, smart sensors, and adaptive, morphing and
biologically-inspired structures, as well as the guidance,
navigation, and control of uninhabited aerospace vehicles. He is a
fellow of the <a href="http://www.iop.org/" target="_blank">Institute of Physics</a>, the <a href="https://www.asme.org/" target="_blank">American Society of Mechanical Engineers</a> and the <a href="https://www.aiaa.org/" target="_blank">American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics</a>, and has received a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_CAREER_Awards" target="_blank">National Science Foundation (NSF) CAREER Award</a>.</div>
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</div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
He is also the co-author of over 60
journal articles, three book chapters, and 140 conference papers. Additionally, Dr. Pines also is the holder of five
co-authored <a href="http://www.uspto.gov/" target="_blank">Patents</a> with his students and collaborators including:</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
1. Biomimetic mechanism for micro
aircraft, Patent number: <a href="http://www.google.com/patents/US6938853" target="_blank">6938853</a>, Filed: March
14, 2003, Issued: September 6, 2005, Assignee: University of Maryland,
College Park, Inventors: Darryll J. Pines, Felipe A. Bohorquez, Jayant Sirohi</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
2. Navigational System and Method
Utilizing Sources of Pulsed Celestial Radiation, Suneel I. Sheikh, Darryll J.
Pines, Kent S. Wood, Paul S. Ray, and Michael N. Lovellette, U.S. Patent No.
<a href="http://www.google.com/patents/US7197381" target="_blank">7,197,381</a> (27 March 2007). (FIRST PATENT ON XNAV SYSTEM)</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
3. Controllable miniature mono-wing
aircraft, Patent number: <a href="http://www.google.com/patents/US8366055" target="_blank">8366055</a>, Filed: June 18,
2010, Issued: February 5, 2013, Assignee: University of Maryland,
Inventors: Evan R. Ulrich, Darryll J. Pines, Joseph Park, Steven Gerardi.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
4. Method and System for Determining
the Relative Displacement and Heading for Navigation Application number:
<a href="http://www.google.ch/patents/US20130040656" target="_blank">20130040656</a>, Filed: November 8, 2010, Issued: February 14, 2013, Assignee: University of Maryland,
Inventors: Suneel Ismail Sheikh, Darryll J. Pines, Joseph Kim Conroy, Timofey N.
Spiridonov.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
5. A Fiber Optic Sensor Band for
Monitoring Machinery Vibrations, nondisclosure submitted to University of Maryland
Technology and Licensing Office filed July 1, 2007. Patent Pending, Inventors:
Darryll J. Pines, J. Kiddy, J. Coker and P. Samuel.“</div>
<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<u>Academic Credentials</u></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Massachusetts Institute of Technology</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
PhD, Mechanical Engineering, 1991</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Massachusetts Institute of Technology</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
SM, Mechanical Engineering, 1988</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
University of California, Berkeley</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
BS, Mechanical Engineering, 1986<br />
<br />
<br />
<i>As shared from <a href="http://www.eng.umd.edu/aboutus/pines-bio" target="_blank">A. James Clark School of Engineering</a>, University of Maryland</i><br />
<i>Photo Credit: UMD</i><br />
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MIT Black Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12669346478373790213noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2601081044172866674.post-69070552223398893842016-05-09T04:36:00.000-07:002016-09-11T05:18:09.499-07:00World Class Corporate Leadership Expert<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Keith Bevans</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.bain.com/" target="_blank">Bain & Company</a></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
Partner, Chicago</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;">
Keith Bevans is a partner in Bain &
Company's Chicago office. He is a leader in Bain's <a href="http://www.bain.com/consulting-services/performance-improvement/g-and-a-management.aspx" target="_blank">G&A Optimization</a> and <a href="http://www.bain.com/consulting-services/performance-improvement/business-process-redesign.aspx" target="_blank">Business Process Redesign</a> sectors within the firm's
Americas <a href="http://www.bain.com/consulting-services/performance-improvement/index.aspx" target="_blank">Performance Improvement</a> practice.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Bain & Company is one of the
world's leading management consulting firms. We work with top
executives to help them make better decisions, convert those
decisions to actions and deliver the sustainable success they desire.
For 40 years, we've been passionate about achieving better results
for our clients—results that go beyond financial and are uniquely
tailored, pragmatic, holistic and enduring.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Bain advises global leaders on their most
critical issues and opportunities: strategy, marketing, organization,
operations, technology, digital, advanced analytics, transformations,
sustainability and mergers & acquisitions, across all industries
and geographies. Our unique approach to traditional change
management, called <a href="http://www.bain.com/consulting-services/results-delivery/index.aspx" target="_blank">Results Delivery®</a>, helps clients measure and
manage risk and overcome the odds to realize results.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Keith has nearly 20 years of management
consulting experience and delivers strategies that work for business
leaders. He has worked with a diverse set of global clients,
including healthcare providers, manufacturers, retailers and
airlines. He holds expertise across a range of strategic issues.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Within the healthcare sector, his
experience spans smaller community hospitals, hospital networks and
major clinical networks. He has helped clients to address growth
strategy, Lean Six Sigma, mergers and acquisitions, due diligence,
service line strategy and procurement. In addition, he has worked at
the intersection of performance improvement and healthcare for
several medical technology companies.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
In addition to his work with clients,
Keith leads Bain's global consultant recruiting efforts in over 50+
offices. This involves managing the team that identifies and attracts
talent to Bain's offices and ensures that the next generation of
leaders continue to make Bain "The best firm to work for."</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<u>Academic Credentials</u>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://www.hbs.edu/Pages/default.aspx" target="_blank">Harvard Business School</a></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
MBA '02 – with distinction<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.eecs.mit.edu/" target="_blank">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
SM '96, Electrical Engineering<br />
SB '95, Electrical Engineering</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i>As shared from <a href="http://www.bain.com/about/" target="_blank">Bain & Company</a> including <a href="http://www.bain.com/about/people-and-values/our-team/profiles/keith-bevans.aspx" target="_blank">People and Values</a></i></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i>Photo Credit: Bain & Company</i></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i><br /></i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbFt-p5AU6a70NRNrSEOUc-l7mrBprOpx0ymN3_DYd0dAyThg6HuF85RqBC_rd_ZryefmXtoNtoPqUqnwwGPH1Jbxa90I_4l426rnyHHt4ymstq-4FknuOChljhyphenhyphenk32BipPfkP95aBdmKz/s1600/Blogger+MIT+Pic+label.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="96" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbFt-p5AU6a70NRNrSEOUc-l7mrBprOpx0ymN3_DYd0dAyThg6HuF85RqBC_rd_ZryefmXtoNtoPqUqnwwGPH1Jbxa90I_4l426rnyHHt4ymstq-4FknuOChljhyphenhyphenk32BipPfkP95aBdmKz/s320/Blogger+MIT+Pic+label.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i><br /></i></div>
MIT Black Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12669346478373790213noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2601081044172866674.post-74894160958622157652016-05-08T14:26:00.000-07:002016-09-11T05:18:38.872-07:00Pioneering Founder and Trailblazer in Electrical Engineering<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTzfpfc8Pymhh0rGVqUv5PkawKh7AZQzxNwsFsa8oTHLckIDUuTJU4LaUy6-rXOjPefOPP14Kb50S9DneOolBbph0rLfIPs1__FX4dw5ZVQvbT8s4dpWNmUOGAEmoz-sfF5vuD1vjE_bl5/s1600/Carol+Epsy-Wilson+larger.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTzfpfc8Pymhh0rGVqUv5PkawKh7AZQzxNwsFsa8oTHLckIDUuTJU4LaUy6-rXOjPefOPP14Kb50S9DneOolBbph0rLfIPs1__FX4dw5ZVQvbT8s4dpWNmUOGAEmoz-sfF5vuD1vjE_bl5/s320/Carol+Epsy-Wilson+larger.jpg" width="232" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Dr. Carol Espy-Williams</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
University of Maryland (UMD) - Professor, <a href="http://www.ece.umd.edu/home" target="_blank">Electrical and Computer Engineering</a> (ECE)<br />
<a href="http://www.isr.umd.edu/director-welcome" target="_blank">Institute for Systems Research</a> (ISR), Faculty Member<br />
CEO & Founder - <a href="http://www.omni-speech.com/" target="_blank">OmniSpeech</a><br />
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<u>Academic Research</u></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<a href="http://www.cspl.umd.edu/" target="_blank">Communications and Signal Processing Laboratory</a> (CSPL)<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="http://www.isr.umd.edu/Labs/SCL/" target="_blank">Speech Communication Laboratory</a> (SCL)</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Professor Espy-Wilson's research
interests include the integration of engineering, linguistics and
speech acoustics to study speech communication. She is developing an
approach to speech recognition based on phonetic features,
articulatory parameters and landmarks to better address variability
in the speech signal. She also conducts research in the areas of
speech production, speech enhancement, speaker recognition,
single-channel speaker separation and language and genre detection in
audio content analysis and forensics. A major focus of her research
is to gain a better understanding of the relationship between
articulation, acoustics and perception and to use this knowledge to
develop effective speech technologies. Prof. Espy-Wilson heads the
Speech Communication Lab where postdoctoral, graduate and
undergraduate students perform research. Her research has been
largely supported by grants from the <a href="http://www.nsf.gov/" target="_blank">National Science Foundation</a> and
the <a href="https://www.nih.gov/" target="_blank">National Institutes of Health</a>. Professor Espy-Wilson teaches the
undergraduate courses Numerical Techniques in Engineering (ENEE 241),
Signals and Systems (ENEE 322), Digital Signal Processing (ENEE 425),
and the advanced graduate level course, Speech and Audio Processing,
ENEE 632.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<u>Background
</u></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Carol Espy-Wilson received her B.S. in
Electrical Engineering from <a href="https://ee.stanford.edu/" target="_blank">Stanford University</a> in 1979. She received
her SM and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering from <a href="https://www.eecs.mit.edu/" target="_blank">MIT</a>in 1984 and 1987, respectively. She was on faculty at Boston
University from 1990 to 2001 and is Professor in the Electrical and
Computer Engineering Department at the University of Maryland,
College Park. She directs the Speech Communication Lab at UMD.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
She is the recipient of the NSF
Minority Initiation Award (1990-1992), the Clare Booth Luce
Professorship (1990-1995) the NIH Independent Scientist Award
(1998-2003), the Honda Initiation Award (2004-2005), and a Radcliffe
Fellowship (2008).</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Dr. Espy-Wilson is a Fellow of the
<a href="http://acousticalsociety.org/" target="_blank">Acoustical Society of America</a> (ASA) and a Senior Member of the Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers (<a href="https://www.ieee.org/index.html" target="_blank">IEEE</a>). She
served as Chair of the Speech Technical Committee of the ASA from
2007 to 2010, as an associate editor of the ASA's magazine, <a href="http://acousticstoday.org/" target="_blank">AcousticsToday</a>, and as an appointed member of the Language and Communication
Study Section at NIH, 2001-2004. Currently, she is an Associate
Editor of the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, an
elected member of the Speech and Language Technical Committee of IEEE
and a member of the National Advisory Board for Medical
Rehabilitation Research at NIH.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<u>MIT Journey</u></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Carol Espy-Wilson, the first
African-American woman to earn a PhD in electrical engineering at
MIT, is both an academic and an entrepreneur. A professor of
electrical and computer engineering at the University of Maryland and
a member of its Institute for Systems Research, she does research
that integrates engineering, linguistics, and speech science. She’s
also founder and CEO of <a href="http://www.omni-speech.com/" target="_blank">OmniSpeech</a>, which improves voice clarity on
cell phones and other communication devices in noisy environments.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Espy-Wilson grew up in Atlanta, earned
her undergraduate degree at Stanford, and interned at Bell Labs.
After MIT, she taught at Boston University and then, in 2001, made
the move to UMD College Park. UMD’s Venture Accelerator program
urged her into entrepreneurship in 2009. “I was not thinking about
starting a company,” she says.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
OmniSpeech targets emerging markets
that rely on inexpensive phones with poor sound filtering. “We use
the unique characteristics of speech to extract it from the noisy
signal, even if the noise is dynamic—like music, or people talking
in the background,” Espy-Wilson explains. “I’m really excited
about the potential to improve all kinds of communication devices,
including wearables, push-to-talk radios, and hearing aids.” MIT’s Speech Communication Group
shaped Espy-Wilson’s approach. “It was such a unique
group—engineers, linguists, phoneticians, and psycholinguists. We
even had a dentist who conducted research into speech motor control,”
she says. “I attribute the speech enhancement algorithm we
developed at OmniSpeech to that holistic background.”</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Espy-Wilson’s husband, John Silvanus
Wilson, worked in development at MIT for 16 years, and the two were
housemasters at MacGregor House. He is now president of Morehouse
College in Atlanta. “We have a commuting marriage,” she says. “We
both want each other to realize our dreams, so that makes it a lot
easier to do this.” They have 26-year-old twin daughters and a
20-year-old son.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
A Radcliffe fellowship brought
Espy-Wilson back to Cambridge in 2008, when she also served as a
Residential Scholar at Simmons Hall. And this past April, she
delivered the keynote address at the Black Alumni of MIT graduation
celebration: “I talked to them about finding their passion and
purpose, trusting that, as the Bible says, ‘If God be for us, who
can be against us,’ so that they will be courageous and take
risks—and the need for them to lift as they climb.”</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<u>Honors and Awards
</u></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
• Institute of Systems
Research Fellow Award (2015 - 2017)</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
• University of Maryland
Distinguished Scholar-Teacher (2012 - 2013)</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
• Maryland Daily Record
Innovator of the Year Award (2010)</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
• Fellow of the Radcliffe
Institute for Advanced Study (2008-2009)</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
• University of Maryland
Invention of the Year Award (2009)</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
• Acoustical Society of
America Fellow (2005)</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
• Honda Initiation Award
(2003-2004)</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
• NIH Independent Scientist
Award (1998-2003)</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
• Clare Booth Luce
Professorship (1990-1995)</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
• NSF Minority Initiation
Award (1990-1992)</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<u>Academic Degrees</u></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Massachusetts Institute of Technology</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
PhD, Electrical Engineering</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
1987</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Massachusetts Institute of Technology</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
SM, Electrical Engineering</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
1984</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Stanford University</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
BS, Electrical Engineering</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
1979</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">As shared from <a href="http://www.ece.umd.edu/news/news_story.php?id=9463" target="_blank">UMD Dept. of Electrical & Computer Engineering</a> and <a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/s/601034/carol-espy-wilson-sm-81-ee-84-phd-87/" target="_blank">MIT Technology Review</a></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo Credit: UMD</span></div>
<br />
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<br />MIT Black Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12669346478373790213noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2601081044172866674.post-75746343947006256802016-05-05T04:32:00.002-07:002016-10-19T01:56:39.603-07:00MIT Origins of a Premier Power Couple<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Leslye & Darryl Fraser</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMON1VNSoaPP0W-froRmHDmktN9ZHx9x0k8-HCFqkA8mg1mkU3Gsvx4Tkg_5_C3bFDFWUtN0SEBbi_hpt4wdLUwOOrnC2mbLCr6GUYFrWTa3MOSQuDNl2iPvqd0V02IK3DBil0-1SaToyg/s1600/Leslye+and+Darryl+Fraser+II.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMON1VNSoaPP0W-froRmHDmktN9ZHx9x0k8-HCFqkA8mg1mkU3Gsvx4Tkg_5_C3bFDFWUtN0SEBbi_hpt4wdLUwOOrnC2mbLCr6GUYFrWTa3MOSQuDNl2iPvqd0V02IK3DBil0-1SaToyg/s320/Leslye+and+Darryl+Fraser+II.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b> </b></span>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
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<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.23in; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1; padding: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Honorable Leslye M. Fraser</span></b><br />
Environmental Appeals Judge<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www3.epa.gov/" target="_blank">Environmental Protection Agency</a></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/judges-serving-epas-environmental-appeals-board#one" target="_blank">Environmental Appeal's Board</a></span></div>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.23in; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1; padding: 0in;">
<span style="line-height: 0.23in;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.23in; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1; padding: 0in;">
<span style="line-height: 0.23in;">Judge Leslye M. Fraser was appointed an Environmental Appeals Judge
in 2012. Prior to her appointment, Judge Fraser served as the
Associate General Counsel for Pesticides and Toxic Substances in
EPA’s <a href="https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-general-counsel-ogc" target="_blank">Office of General Counsel</a> (OGC). She first joined EPA OGC in
1995 as an attorney-advisor in the Air and Radiation Law Office
before becoming the first Assistant General Counsel for Regulatory
Issues in the Cross-Cutting Issues Law Office from 1997-2001. In
2001, Judge Fraser joined the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
as the Associate Director for Regulations in the Center for Food
Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), a position within the Senior
Executive Service (SES). In this role, in the wake of 9/11 she
successfully led an interagency team from FDA and the Department of
Homeland Security in developing in an expedited timeframe nine
high-profile regulations affecting more than 440,000 domestic and
foreign entities to implement the food safety and security provisions
of the Bioterrorism Act of 2002 (Public Law 107-188). Judge Fraser
was promoted in 2004 to Director of CFSAN’s Office of Regulations,
Policy, and Social Sciences, where she led a multi-disciplinary staff
of attorneys, social scientists, and administrative professionals in
the development of food and cosmetic regulations. She served in this
position until she rejoined EPA in 2010.</span></div>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.23in; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1; padding: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="line-height: 0.23in;">Judge Fraser received her bachelor and master of science degrees in
chemical engineering from the </span><a href="http://web.mit.edu/" style="line-height: 0.23in;" target="_blank">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a><span style="line-height: 0.23in;"> (MIT), and a Juris Doctor degree, Order of the Coif, from the </span><a href="http://www.law.ucla.edu/" style="line-height: 0.23in;" target="_blank">University of California at Los Angeles School of Law</a><span style="line-height: 0.23in;">. Prior to joining EPA, Judge
Fraser was a research engineer and manager at TRW Space and
Technology Group for nine years, then practiced environmental and
labor law at a leading international law firm, Gibson Dunn. She has
received numerous awards, including a U.S. patent for a material she
co-invented for spacecraft hydraulic systems; the 2006 </span><a href="https://www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/senior-executive-service/presidential-rank-awards/" style="line-height: 0.23in;" target="_blank">Meritorious Presidential Rank Award</a><span style="line-height: 0.23in;">, which the President awards each year to a
small group of federal career senior executives who “consistently
demonstrate strength, integrity, industry, and a relentless
commitment to excellence in public service;” several EPA Gold Medal
Awards; the EPA Vivian Malone Jones Legacy Award; the 2004 Department
of Health and Human Services Secretary’s Award for Distinguished
Service; five FDA Commissioner Special Citation Awards (2003-2004);
and the 2011 African-American Federal Executives Association’s
(AAFEA) Distinguished SES Award.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 0.23in;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 0.23in;"><i>Academic Credentials</i>: JD, UCLA; SM '80, ChemE, MIT; SB '78, ChemE, MIT</span><br />
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.23in; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1; padding: 0in;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><a href="https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/judges-serving-epas-environmental-appeals-board#one" target="_blank">As shared from EPA</a></i></span></div>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.23in; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1; padding: 0in;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.23in; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1; padding: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Darryl M. Fraser</span></b></div>
<div style="border: none; line-height: 0.23in; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1; padding: 0in;">
<span style="line-height: 0.23in;">Corporate Vice President (Retired),
Communications</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.northropgrumman.com/Pages/default.aspx" target="_blank">Northrop Grumman Corporation</a></span></div>
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Fraser was responsible for the company’s
worldwide communications strategy and execution, including media
relations, employee communications, advertising, executive
communications and branding/corporate image. He also served on the
company’s corporate policy council. Fraser also served as
the vice president of business development for the company’s
Mission Systems sector. He oversaw all business development
activities and led key strategic initiatives for the sector’s
defense and intelligence businesses, which included command and
control systems network communications; intelligence, surveillance
and reconnaissance; and missiles and missile defense.</div>
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Fraser joined Northrop Grumman through
its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRW_Inc." target="_blank">TRW</a> acquisition in 2002. He served as director of <span style="line-height: 0.23in;">communications for TRW’s Space and
Technology group, and held the position of vice president of </span><span style="line-height: 0.23in;">communications for TRW’s Aerospace
and Information Systems business. Before moving to Mission </span><span style="line-height: 0.23in;">Systems in 2007, he served as vice
president of Washington operations for the company’s Mission
Systems and Space Technology sectors.</span></div>
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Fraser earned a bachelor’s degree in
chemical engineering from the <a href="http://web.mit.edu/" target="_blank">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>
(MIT) and a master’s degree in business administration from the
<a href="http://www.anderson.ucla.edu/" target="_blank">University of California, Los Angeles</a>. He was also a <a href="http://www.brookings.edu/about/execed/about" target="_blank">Brookings Congressional Fellow</a> (1995). Fraser is the past chair of the <a href="http://www.aia-aerospace.org/about/" target="_blank">Communications Council of the Aerospace Industries Association</a> and past chair of the
finance committee of <a href="http://www.servicesource.org/" target="_blank">ServiceSource, Inc.</a>, a nonprofit organization
that provides employment opportunities for people with disabilities.
He also serves as a member of the <a href="https://stargate.mit.edu/ectrackweb/home.mit" target="_blank">MIT Educational Council</a>.</div>
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Northrop Grumman is a leading global
security company providing innovative systems, products and <span style="line-height: 0.23in;">solutions in unmanned systems, cyber,
C4ISR, and logistics and modernization to government and commercial
customers worldwide.</span><br />
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<span style="line-height: 0.23in;"><i style="line-height: 22.08px;">Academic Credentials</i><span style="line-height: 22.08px;">: MBA, UCLA; SB '80, ChemE, MIT</span></span><br />
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<span style="line-height: 0.23in;"><i style="font-size: small; line-height: 22.08px;"><a href="http://www.northropgrumman.com/AboutUs/OurGlobalPresence/Pages/default.aspx" target="_blank">As shared from Northrop Grumman</a></i></span><br />
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<span style="line-height: 0.23in;"><i style="line-height: 22.08px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Image Credits: Leslye & Darryl Fraser</span></i></span><br />
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